9 Scurr, J., Brown, N., Smith, J., Brasher, A., Risius, D., & Marczyk, A. (2016). The influence of the breast on sport and exercise participation in schoolgirls in the UK. Journal of Adolescent Health. 58(2), 167-173

www.who.int/about/governance/Constitution

13 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513816302847

Viren Swami, Martin J. Tovée, Resource Security Impacts Men’s Female Breast Size Preferences, 2013 doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057623 • Dixson BJ, Vasey PL, Sagata K, Sibanda N, Linklater WL, Dixson AF. Men’s preferences for women’s breast morphology in New Zealand, Samoa, and Papua New Guinea. Arch Sex Behav. 2011 Dec;40(6):1271-9. doi: 10.1007/s10508-010-9680-6.

Zelazniewicz, A.M., Pawlowski, B. Female Breast Size Attractiveness for Men as a Function of Sociosexual Orientation (Restricted vs. Unrestricted). Arch Sex Behav 40, 1129–1135 (2011). doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9850-1

Patterns of Sexual Behavior, C. S. Ford, F. A. Beach, (1951), Psychology

14 ZAVA (online doctor provider): adapted from: https://www.zavamed.com/uk/does-breast-size-matter.html.

15 Evolution and Human Behaviour, Volume 38, Issue 2, March 2017, Pages 217-226

19 www.asa.org.uk/rulings/adidas-uk-ltd-g22-1145614-adidas-uk-ltd.html

28 StatPearls Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan.

Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Axillary Lymph Nodes, Harry Kyriacou; Yusuf S. Khan. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430685/

29 BMJ. 2008 Mar 29; 336(7646): 709–713. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39511.493391.BE

Leung AKC, Leung AAC. Gynecomastia in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2017;10(2):127-137. doi:10.2174/1872214811666170301124033.

30 pedsendo.org/patient-resource/premature-thelarche/

31 www.healthline.com/health/breast-asymmetry 32 Sanuki J ichi, Fukuma E, Uchida Y. Morphologic study of nipple-areola complex in 600 breasts. Aesth Plast Surg. 2009;33(3):295-297. doi: 10.1007/s00266=088-9194-y.

34 Zucca-Matthes G, Urban C, Vallejo A. Anatomy of the nipple and breast ducts. Gland Surg. 2016;5(1):32-6. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2227-684X.2015.05.10

37 Nagaraja Rao D, Winters R. Inverted nipple. StatPearls.

38 www.breastcancer.org/facts-statistics

www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-

type/breast-cancer

39 cewuk.co.uk/estee-lauder-companies-marks-30th-anniversary-of-breast-cancer-campaign 40-43 www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/womens-health/how-should-i-check-my-breasts/

43 ascopost.com/issues/january-25-2019/risk-of-local-recurrence-in-breast-cancer/

breastcancernow.org/information-support/check-your-breasts/learn-signs-breast-cancer

46 www.nhs.uk/conditions/early-or-delayed-puberty/

47 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470280/ 48-49 Caouette-

Laberge L, Borsuk D. Congenital anomalies of the breast. Semin Plast Surg. 2013 Feb;27(1):36-41. Doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1343995.

www.bapras.org.uk/public/patient-information/surgery-guides/congenital-breast-and-chest-

conditions

49 Wolfswinkel EM, Lemaine V, Weathers WM, Chike-Obi CJ, Xue AS, Heller L. Hyperplastic breast anomalies in the female adolescent breast. Semin Plast Surg. 2013 Feb;27(1):49-55. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1347167.

52 McGhee DE, Steele JR. Optimising breast support in female patients through correct bra fit. A cross-sectional study. J Sci Med Sport. 2010 Nov;13(6):568-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.003.

61 White, J., & Scurr, J. (2012). Evaluation of professional bra fitting criteria for bra selection and fitting in the UK. Ergonomics, 55(6), 704-711. doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.647096

74 Coltman CE, Steele JR, McGhee DE. Does breast size affect how women participate in physical activity? J Sci Med Sport. 2019 Mar;22(3):324-329. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.226.

Burnett E, White J, Scurr J. The Influence of the Breast on Physical Activity Participation in Females. J Phys Act Health. 2015 Apr;12(4):588-94. Doi: 10.1123/jpah.2013-0236.

Gehlsen G, Albohm M. Evaluation of Sports Bras. Phys Sportsmed. 1980 Oct;8(10):88-97. doi: 10.1080/00913847.1980.11948653.

75 Sports Medicine Australia: adapted from: https://sma.org.au/resources-advice/injury-fact-sheets/exercise-and-breast-support/

Mason BR, Page KA, Fallon K. An analysis of movement and discomfort of the female breast during exercise and the effects of breast support in three cases. J Sci Med Sport. 1999 Jun;2(2):134-44. Doi: 10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80193-5.

Scurr JC, White JL, Hedger W. Supported and unsupported breast displacement in three dimensions across treadmill activity levels. J Sports Sci. 2011 Jan;29(1):55-61. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2010.521944.

Bridgman C, Scurr J, White J, Hedger W, Galbraith H. Three-dimensional kinematics of the breast during a two-step star jump. J Appl Biomech. 2010 Nov;26(4):465-72. doi: 10.1123/jab.26.4.465.

76 Scurr J, Brown N, Smith J, Brasher A, Risius D, Marczyk A. The Influence of the Breast on Sport and Exercise Participation in School Girls in the United Kingdom. J Adolesc Health. 2016 Feb;58(2):167-73. doi: 10.1016/j.Jadohealth.2015.10.005.

womenandsport.ca/resources/research-insights/rally-report/

www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-60646352

Scurr J, Brown N, Smith J, Brasher A, Risius D, Marczyk A. The Influence of the Breast on Sport and Exercise Participation in School Girls in the United Kingdom. J Adolesc Health. 2016 Feb;58(2):167-73. doi: 10.1016/j. Jadohealth.2015.10.005.

77 McGhee DE, Steele JR. Biomechanics of Breast Support for Active Women. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. 2020 Jul 1;48(3):99-109. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32271181/

McGhee DE, Steele JR. Breast elevation and compression decrease exercise-induced breast discomfort. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Jul;42(7):1333-8. Doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ca7fd8.

80 Coltman, C.E., McGhee, D.E. & Steele, J.R. Bra strap orientations and designs to minimise bra strap discomfort and pressure during sport and exercise in women with large breasts. Sports Med - Open 1, 21 (2015). Doi. org/10.1186/s40798-015-0014-z

81 A. Dhivya, V. P. R. P. ,S. S. (2016). Design and Development of Sports Intimate Apparel - A Review. SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSTHE, 3(1). ijosthe.com/index.php/ojssports/article/view/52

Norris M, Blackmore T, Horler B, Wakefield-Scurr J. How the characteristics of sports bras affect their performance. Ergonomics. 2021 Mar;64(3):410-425. Doi: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1829090.

Joanna Wakefield-Scurr et al. The effect of washing and wearing on sports bra function. Sports Biomechanics, 2022 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2046147

82 Peitzmeier S, Gardner I, Weinand J, Corbet A, Acevedo K. Health impact of chest binding among transgender adults: a community-engaged, cross-sectional study. Cult Health Sex. 2017 Jan;19(1):64-75. doi: 10.1080/13691058.2016.1191675.

www.prideinpractice.org/articles/chest-binding-Physician-guide

Brooke A. Jarrett, et al. Chest Binding and Care Seeking Among Transmasculine Adults. Transgender Health. Dec. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6298447/

83 patient.info/news-and-features/how-to-bind-your-chest-safely

84 www.healthline.com/health/body-modification/nipple-piercing-aftercare

85 www.painfulpleasures.com/community/blog/client/nipple-piercing-guide-everything-you-need-to-know/

www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318148

88–97 Motosko CC, Bieber AK, Pomeranz MK, Stein JA, Martires KJ. Physiologic changes of pregnancy: A review of the literature. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2017 Oct 21;3(4):219-224. doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.09.003.

www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/normal-breast-development-and-changes

www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/pregnant-breast

breastcancernow.org/information-support/have-i-got-breast-cancer/breast-changes-during-after-pregnancy

sthk.nhs.uk/media/.leaflets/611a81f02798b8.27597630.pdf 90 Geraghty LN, Pomeranz MK. Physiologic changes and dermatoses of pregnancy. Int J Dermatol. 2011 Jul;50(7):771-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04869.x.

93 www.who.int/health-topics/breastfeeding

95 Jaclyn Pillay & Tammy J. Davis. Physiology, Lactation. National Library of Medicine. July 2022

98 www.forbes.com/health/family/unable-to-breastfeed/

100-101 www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/breastfeeding-and-bottle-feeding/breastfeeding/positioning-and-attachment/

106 Boi B, Koh S, Gail D. The effectiveness of cabbage leaf application (treatment) on pain and hardness in breast engorgement and its effect on the duration of breastfeeding. JBI Libr Syst Rev. 2012;10(20):1185-1213. doi: 10.11124/01938924-201210200-00001

110 Wilson E, Woodd SL, Benova L; Incidence of and Risk Factors for Lactational Mastitis: A Systematic Review. J Hum Lact. 2020 Nov36(4):673-686. Doi: 10.1177/0890334420907898. Lisa H. Amir, et al. Volume

111 Issue 12 Incidence of breast abscess in lactating women: report from an Australian cohort. International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Nov 2004, doi. org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00272.x

117 Martinez AA, & Chung S. Breast Ptosis. National Library of Medicine. Jan 2022

119 www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/pdf/Breast-cancer-screening-guidelines

digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/breast-screening-

programme/england---2019-20

Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening. The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review. Lancet. 2012 Nov 17;380(9855):1778-86. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61611-0.

Hendrick RE, Baker JA, Helvie MA. Breast cancer deaths averted over 3 decades. Cancer. 2019 May 1;125(9):1482-1488. doi:10.1002/cncr.31954.

Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ. Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jun 2013

120 paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2015/WHO-ENG-Mammography-Factsheet.pdf

121 digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/breast-screening-programme/england---2019-20

www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/publications/health-matters/mammograms-facts-on-false-positives

123 www.gov.uk/government/publications/breast-screening-helping-women-decide

124 progressreport.cancer.gov/detection/breast_cancer

125 Bond M, Pavey T, Welch K, Cooper C, Garside R, Dean S, Hyde C. Systematic review of the psychological consequences of false-positive screening mammograms. Health Technol Assess. 2013 Mar;17(13):1-170, v-vi. doi: 10.3310/hta17130

Waller J, Douglas E, Whitaker KL, Wardle J. Women’s responses to information about overdiagnosis in the UK breast cancer screening programme: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2013 Apr 22;3(4):e002703. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002703.

128 Goyal A. Breast pain. The British Medical Journal, Clin Evid. Oct 2014 Goyal A. Breast pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Oct 14;2014:0812. PMCID: PMC4200534.

cks.nice.org.uk/topics/breast-pain-cyclical Richard Sadovsky, Topical NSAIDs Relieve the Pain of Mastalgia, American Family Physician. 2003

129 Vaziri F, et al. Comparing the effects of dietary flaxseed and omega-3 Fatty acids supplement on cyclical mastalgia in Iranian women: a randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Family Medicine. Aug 2014 doi: 10.1155/2014/174532.

Goyal A. Breast pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Oct 14;2014:0812. PMCID: PMC4200534.

136 www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-symptoms/what-is-an-urgent-referral

137 www.gov.uk/government/publications/breast-screening-helping-women-decide/nhs-breast-screening-helping-you-decide

139 Malherbe K, Khan M, Fatima S. Fibrocystic Breast Disease. National Library of Medicine. Oct 2021

Ajmal M, Khan M, Van Fossen K. Breast Fibroadenoma. Breast Fibroadenoma. National Library of Medicine. Apr 2022.

145 Apostolou P, Fostira F. Hereditary breast cancer: the era of new susceptibility genes. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:747318. doi: 10.1155/2013/747318.

Cragun D, et al. Racial disparities in BRCA testing and cancer risk management across a population-based sample of young breast cancer survivors. Cancer. July 2017.

breastcancernow.org/about-us/media/facts-statistics/how-are-people-ethnically-diverse-backgrounds-impacted-breast-cancer

Jones M et al. Smoking and risk of breast cancer in the Generations Study cohort. Breast cancer research. Nov 2017.

www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/overview-risks-breast-cancer

146 www.komen.org/breast-cancer/screening/screening-disparities

Yedjou CG, Sims JN, Miele L, Noubissi F, Lowe L, Fonseca DD, Alo RA, Payton M, Tchounwou PB. Health and Racial Disparity in Breast Cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1152:31-49. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_3.

news.cancerresearchuk.org/2016/11/16/black-african-women-almost-twice-as-likely-to-be-diagnosed-with-late-stage-breast-cancer-compared-to/

146 Suther, S., Kiros, GE. Barriers to the use of genetic testing: A study of racial and ethnic disparities. Genet Med 11, 655–662 (2009). doi.org/10.1097/ GIM.0b013e3181ab22aa

148 Gonçalves AK et al. Effects of physical activity on breast cancer prevention: a systematic review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. Feb 2014

Kotepui M. Diet and risk of breast cancer. Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2016;20(1):13-9. doi: 10.5114/wo.2014.40560.

www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/exercise-guidelines/physical-activity-Guidelines-for-adults-aged-19-to-64

www.breastcanceruk.org.uk/reduce-your-risk/physical-activity-and-exercise

Donaldson MS. Nutrition and cancer: a review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet. Nutr J. 2004 Oct 20;3:19. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-3-19.

J Connor, Alcohol consumption as a cause of cancer, Addiction, Feb 2017, doi.org/10.1111/add.13477

breastcancernow.org/information-support/have-i-got-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-causes/alcohol-breast-cancer-risk

www.nhs.uk/live-well/alcohol-advice/calculating-alcohol-units/

149 Data from Cancer Research UK

news.cancerresearchuk.org/2017/05/25/alcohol-and-breast-cancer-how-big-is-the-risk/

Hamajima N et al. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer. 2002 Nov World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Findings & Reports. June 2017.

150 Thebms.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/12-BMS-Tfc-Fast-Facts-HRT-and-Breast-Cancer-Risk-01D.pdf

152 www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/additional-information-about-high-intensity-sweeteners-permitted-use-food-united-states

153 Boutas I, et al. Soy Isoflavones and Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis. In vivo. Mar 2022. PMID: 35241506

Finkeldey L, et al. Effect of the Intake of Isoflavones on Risk Factors of Breast Cancer. Nutrients. July 2021.

155 www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet

156 Warner E et al. Prevalence and penetrance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in unselected Ashkenazi Jewish women with breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. July 1999 doi: 10.1093/jnci/91.14.1241.

158 www.breastcanceruk.org.uk/breast-cancer-in-men/

161 Office for National Statistics, Cancer survival by stage at diagnosis for England, 2019.

164 www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-diagnose/hormone-receptor-testing-breast-cancer

165 Onitilo AA, Engel JM, Stankowski RV, Doi SA. Survival Comparisons for Breast Conserving Surgery and Mastectomy Revisited: Community Experience and the Role of Radiation Therapy. Clin Med Res. 2015 Jun;13(2):65-73. doi: 10.3121/cmr.2014.1245.

170 Jennifer A. et al, Exercise, Diet, and Weight Management During Cancer Treatment: ASCO Guideline, Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 22 (August 01, 2022), DOI: 10.1200/JCO.22.00687

Rikki A Cannioto et. al, Physical Activity Before, During, and After Chemotherapy for High-Risk Breast Cancer: Relationships With Survival, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 113, Issue 1, January 2021, Pages 54–63, doi.org/10.1093/jnci/Djaa046

Holmes MD, Chen WY, Feskanich D, Kroenke CH, Colditz GA. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. JAMA. 2005 May 25;293(20):2479-86. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.20.2479.

171 breastcancernow.org/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/bcc6_exercises_booklet_2019_web.pdf

177 Fleissig A, Fallowfield LJ, Langridge CI, Johnson L, Newcombe RG, Dixon JM, Kissin M, Mansel RE. Post-operative arm morbidity and quality of life. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006 Feb;95(3):279-93. doi: 10.1007/s10549-005-9025-7.

DiSipio T, Rye S, Newman B, Hayes S. Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2013 May;14(6):500-15. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70076-7.

178 Couceiro TC, Valença MM, Raposo MC, Orange FA, Amorim MM. Prevalence of post-mastectomy pain syndrome and associated risk factors: a cross-sectional cohort study. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014 Dec;15(4):731-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2013.07.011.

Cui L, Fan P, Qiu C, Hong Y. Single institution analysis of incidence and risk factors for post-mastectomy pain syndrome. Sci Rep. 2018 Jul 31;8(1):11494. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29946-x.

Beyaz SG et al.Postmastectomy Pain: A Cross-sectional Study of Prevalence, Pain Characteristics, and Effects on Quality of Life. Chin Med J (Engl). 2016 Jan 5;129(1):66-71. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.172589.

179 www.komen.org/breast-cancer/treatment/recurrence/survival-and-risk-of-recurrence/

Braunstein LZ et al., Breast-cancer subtype, age, and lymph node status as predictors of local recurrence following breast-conserving therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2017 Jan;161(1):173-179. doi: 10.1007/s10549-016-4031-5.

Arvold ND et al., breast cancer subtype approximation, and local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Oct 10;29(29):3885-91. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.36.1105.

181 www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/

research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures-2019-2020.pdf

www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/how-common-is-breast-cancer.html

Ahlberg K, Ekman T, Gaston-Johansson F, Mock V. Assessment andmanagement of cancer-related fatigue in adults. Lancet. 2003 Aug 23;362(9384):640-50. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14186-4.

Bower JE, Ganz PA, Desmond KA, Rowland JH, Meyerowitz BE, Belin TR. Fatigue in breast cancer survivors: occurrence, correlates, and impact on quality of life. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Feb;18(4):743-53. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2000.18.4.743.

Maass SWMC et al. Fatigue among Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Mar 15;13(6):1301. doi: 10.3390/cancers13061301.

186 www.statista.com/chart/25322/plastic-surgery-procedures-by-type/

www.nhs.uk/conditions/cosmetic-procedures/

breast-enlargement/

www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/breast-augmentation/cost

www.webmd.com/beauty/cosmetic-procedures-breast-augmentation

188 www.bapras.org.uk/docs/default-source/Patient-Information-Booklets/rcs_

Bapras_guide_breast_augmentation.pdf

Headon H et.al. Capsular Contracture after Breast Augmentation: An Update for Clinical Practice. Arch Plast Surg. 2015 Sep;42(5):532-43. doi: 10.5999/aps.2015.42.5.532.

189 www.nhs.uk/conditions/pip-implants/

www.mskcc.org/news/fda-s-new-guidance-breast-implants-what-breast-cancer-patients-need-know

files.digital.nhs.uk/publicationimport/pub02xxx/pub02731/clin-audi-supp-prog-mast-brea-reco-2011-rep1.pdf

Gehlsen G, & Albohm M. Evaluation of sports bras. The Physician and Sports Medicine. Oct 1980 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29261415/