Brain: An Owner's Guide Bibliography

Chapter 1

How Do We Know What We Know About the Brain?

Brain PET scan. (n.d.). MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007341.htm#:~:text=A%20PET%20scan%20can%20show

Doherty, E. (2014, September 8). MEG matters. MIT McGovern Institute. https://mcgovern.mit.edu/2014/09/08/meg-matters/#:~:text=MEG%20was%20developed%20at%20MIT

Johnson, M. D., Lim, H. H., Netoff, T. I., Connolly, A. T., Johnson, N., Roy, A., Holt, A., Lim, K. O., Carey, J. R., Vitek, J. L., & He, B. (2013). Neuromodulation for Brain Disorders: Challenges and Opportunities. IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering, 60(3), 610–624. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2013.2244890

Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). SPECT Scan. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/spect-scan/about/pac-20384925#:~:text=SPECT%20scanning%20can%20detect%20altered

Pm, L., Rh, T., Jv, R., & Pb, F. (2016, August 1). Brain Neuromodulation Techniques: A Review. The Neuroscientist : A Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27130839/

Singh, S. (2014). Magnetoencephalography: Basic principles. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 17(5), 107. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.128676

The Structure of the Brain

Bear, Mark. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, Enhanced Edition. 4th ed. Jones & Bartlett Learning, Llc, 2020. https://www.amazon.com/Neuroscience-Exploring-Enhanced-Mark-Bear-dp-1284211282/dp/1284211282/ref=dp_ob_title_bk.

Birch, Jonathan, Alexandra K. Schnell, and Nicola S. Clayton. “Dimensions of Animal Consciousness.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 24, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 789–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.07.007.

Buyanova, Irina S., and Marie Arsalidou. “Cerebral White Matter Myelination and Relations to Age, Gender, and Cognition: A Selective Review.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15 (July 6, 2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.662031.

Cleveland Clinic. “Grey Matter,” March 19, 2023. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24831-grey-matter.

Griffin, Donald R., and Gayle B. Speck. “New Evidence of Animal Consciousness.” Animal Cognition 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-003-0203-x.

Persidsky, Yuri, Servio H Ramirez, James Haorah, and Georgette D Kanmogne. “Blood-Brain Barrier: Structural Components and Function under Physiologic and Pathologic Conditions.” Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology : The Official Journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology 1, no. 3 (2006): 223–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-006-9025-3.

Telano, Lauren N., and Stephen Baker. “Physiology, Cerebral Spinal Fluid.” PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519007/#:~:text=CSF%20assists%20the%20brain%20by.

Neuroplasticity

Buonomano, D. V., & Merzenich, M. M. (1998). CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 21(1), 149–186. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.149

Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U., & May, A. (2004). Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427(6972), 311–312. https://doi.org/10.1038/427311a

Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Kempermann, G., Kuhn, H. G., Winkler, J., Buchel, C., & May, A. (2006). Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Brain Structure Changes during Extensive Learning. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(23), 6314–6317. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4628-05.2006

Mackey, A. P., Whitaker, K. J., & Bunge, S. A. (2012). Experience-dependent plasticity in white matter microstructure: reasoning training alters structural connectivity. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2012.00032

Malhotra, S., & Sahoo, S. (2017). Rebuilding the brain with psychotherapy. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 0(0), 0. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.217299

Malik, J., Stemplewski, R., & Maciaszek, J. (2022). The Effect of Juggling as Dual-Task Activity on Human Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127102

Puderbaugh, M., & Emmady, P. D. (2022). Neuroplasticity. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557811/

Rodrigues, A. C., Loureiro, M. A., & Caramelli, P. (2010). Musical training, neuroplasticity and cognition. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 4(4), 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642010dn40400005

Rosen, J. (2014, November 10). The Knowledge, London’s Legendary Taxi-Driver Test, Puts Up a Fight in the Age of GPS. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/10/t-magazine/london-taxi-test-knowledge.html

Rugnetta, M. (2018). Neuroplasticity | Different Types, Facts, & Research. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/neuroplasticity

Sanders, R. (2012, August 22). Intense prep for law school admission test alters brain structure. Berkeley. https://news.berkeley.edu/2012/08/22/intense-prep-for-law-school-admissions-test-alters-brain-structure

Seminowicz, D. A., Shpaner, M., Keaser, M. L., Krauthamer, G. M., Mantegna, J., Dumas, J. A., Newhouse, P. A., Filippi, C. G., Keefe, F. J., & Naylor, M. R. (2013). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Increases Prefrontal Cortex Gray Matter in Patients With Chronic Pain. The Journal of Pain, 14(12), 1573–1584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2013.07.020

Woollett, K., & Maguire, Eleanor A. (2011). Acquiring “the Knowledge” of London’s Layout Drives Structural Brain Changes. Current Biology, 21(24), 2109–2114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.018

Zatorre, R. J., Fields, R. D., & Johansen-Berg, H. (2012). Plasticity in gray and white: neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning. Nature Neuroscience, 15(4), 528–536. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3045

Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Sang, L., Li, L., Li, P., Yin, X., & Qiu, M. (2018). Brain Functional Connectivity Plasticity Within and Beyond the Sensorimotor Network in Lower-Limb Amputees. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00403

Chemistry & Electricity in the Brain

Bartheld, Christopher S. von, Jami Bahney, and Suzana Herculano-Houzel. “The Search for True Numbers of Neurons and Glial Cells in the Human Brain: A Review of 150 Years of Cell Counting.” Journal of Comparative Neurology 524, no. 18 (June 16, 2016): 3865–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.24040.

Bear, Mark F, Barry W Connors, and Michael A Paradiso. Neuroscience : Exploring the Brain. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2015. https://www.amazon.com/Neuroscience-Exploring-Mark-F-Bear/dp/0781778174.

Hartmann, P., A. Ramseier, F. Gudat, M. J. Mihatsch, and W. Polasek. “[Normal Weight of the Brain in Adults in Relation to Age, Sex, Body Height and Weight].” Der Pathologe 15, no. 3 (June 1, 1994): 165–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002920050040.

Herculano-Houzel, Suzana. “The Remarkable, yet Not Extraordinary, Human Brain as a Scaled-up Primate Brain and Its Associated Cost.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. Supplement_1 (June 20, 2012): 10661–68. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1201895109.

Jabr, Ferris. “Know Your Neurons: What Is the Ratio of Glia to Neurons in the Brain?” Scientific American Blog Network, June 13, 2012. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/brainwaves/know-your-neurons-what-is-the-ratio-of-glia-to-neurons-in-the-brain/.

Kondziella, Daniel. “The Top 5 Neurotransmitters from a Clinical Neurologist’s Perspective.” Neurochemical Research 42, no. 6 (November 8, 2016): 1767–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-016-2101-z.

Miller, Andrew H., Ebrahim Haroon, Charles L. Raison, and Jennifer C. Felger. “Cytokine Targets in the Brain: Impact on Neurotransmitters and Neurocircuits.” Depression and Anxiety 30, no. 4 (March 6, 2013): 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22084.

Voytek, Bradley. “Are There Really as Many Neurons in the Human Brain as Stars in the Milky Way? | Brain Metrics | Learn Science at Scitable.” www.nature.com, May 20, 2013. https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/brain-metrics/are_there_really_as_many/.

Electricity in the Brain

Başar, E. (2013). Brain oscillations in neuropsychiatric disease. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 15(3), 291–300. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3811101/

Kováč, L. (2009). The 20 W sleep‐walkers. EMBO Reports, 11(1), 2–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2009.266

Memories involve replay of neural firing patterns. (2020, March 16). National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/memories-involve-replay-neural-firing-patterns

Robert E. Dustman et al. ,Beta Brain Waves as an Index of Alertness. Science137,533-534(1962).DOI:10.1126/science.137.3529.533

Xavier, G., Su Ting, A., & Fauzan, N. (2020). Exploratory study of brain waves and corresponding brain regions of fatigue on‐call doctors using quantitative electroencephalogram. Journal of Occupational Health, 62(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12121

https://www.healthline.com/health/theta-waves#brain-wave-manipulation

Chemistry in the Brain

Electrical Synapse - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved January 30, 2024, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/electrical-synapse#:~:text=Because%20of%20the%20complexity%20of

Information about the Brain. (2007). In www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. National Institutes of Health (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20367/

Mergenthaler, P., Lindauer, U., Dienel, G. A., & Meisel, A. (2013). Sugar for the brain: the Role of Glucose in Physiological and Pathological Brain Function. Trends in Neurosciences, 36(10), 587–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2013.07.001

Mousa, A., & Bakhiet, M. (2013). Role of Cytokine Signaling during Nervous System Development. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(7), 13931–13957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140713931

Emotions, Motivations, and Reward

Alipour, A., Arefnasab, Z., & Babamahmoodi, A. (2011). Emotional Intelligence and Prefrontal Cortex: a Comparative Study Based on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 5(2), 114–119. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3939963/#:~:text=When%20emotional%20hijacking%20occurs%2C%20the

Cai, J., & Tong, Q. (2022). Anatomy and Function of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Neurons. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 16(867053). https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2022.867053

Information about the Brain. (2007). In www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. National Institutes of Health (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20367/

Ott, T., Anna Marlina Stein, & Nieder, A. (2023). Dopamine receptor activation regulates reward expectancy signals during cognitive control in primate prefrontal neurons. Nature Communications, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43271-6

Serafini, R. A., Pryce, K. D., & Zachariou, V. (2020). The Mesolimbic Dopamine System in Chronic Pain and Associated Affective Comorbidities. Biological Psychiatry, 87(1), 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.10.018

Uddin, L. Q., Nomi, J. S., Hébert-Seropian, B., Ghaziri, J., & Boucher, O. (2017). Structure and Function of the Human Insula. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 34(4), 300–306. https://doi.org/10.1097/wnp.0000000000000377

Watanabe, M. (2016). [Emotional and Motivational Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex]. Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo, 68(11), 1291–1299. https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1416200593

Yang, Y., & Wang, J.-Z. (2017). From Structure to Behavior in Basolateral Amygdala-Hippocampus Circuits. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 11(86). https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2017.00086

The Mind-Body Connection & Stress

Dwyer, Karen Kangas, and Marlina M. Davidson. “Is Public Speaking Really More Feared than Death?” Communication Research Reports 29, no. 2 (April 2012): 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2012.667772.

Harvard Health Publishing. “Understanding the Stress Response .” Harvard Health, July 6, 2020. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response.

Brody, L. E., & Mills, C. J. (n.d.). Gifted Children with Learning Disabilities: A Review of the Issues. LD OnLine. https://www.ldonline.org/ld-topics/gifted-ld/gifted-children-learning-disabilities-review-issues

Collins, D., & Casabianca, S. S. (2021, August 24). Are Intelligent People More Prone to Bipolar Disorder? Psych Central. https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/intelligence-linked-to-bipolar-disorder

Escamilla, M. A., & Zavala, J. M. (2008). Genetics of bipolar disorder. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 10(2), 141–152. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181866/

Johnson, S. L., Murray, G., Fredrickson, B., Youngstrom, E. A., Hinshaw, S., Bass, J. M., Deckersbach, T., Schooler, J., & Salloum, I. (2012). Creativity and bipolar disorder: Touched by fire or burning with questions? Clinical Psychology Review, 32(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.10.001

Learning Disorders and Disabilities. (n.d.). Boston Children’s Hospital. https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/learning-disorders-and-disabilities#:~:text=No%20one%20really%20knows%20what

McVeigh, T. (2015, August 22). People with autism and learning disabilities excel in creative thinking, study shows. The Guardian; The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/aug/22/autism-creative-thinking-study

Praslova, L. (2023, March 30). 2 things most people get wrong about autistic talent. Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/90872761/things-people-get-wrong-autistic-talent

Rylaarsdam, L., & Guemez-Gamboa, A. (2019). Genetic causes and modifiers of autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 13(13). https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00385

Optimal Scheduling & Your Biological Rhythms

Cleveland Clinic. “Infradian Rhythms: What They Are & Why They Matter,” September 22, 2022. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/infradian-rhythm/ .

Cleveland Clinic. “Pulse & Heart Rate.” Cleveland Clinic, November 18, 2018. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/17402-pulse--heart-rate.

———. “Vital Signs: How to Check My Vitals at Home.” Cleveland Clinic, March 15, 2023. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10881-vital-signs#:~:text=Your%20respiratory%20rate%2C%20or%20your.

Coomans, Claudia P., Sjoerd A.A. van den Berg, Eliane A. Lucassen, Thijs Houben, Amanda C.M. Pronk, Rianne D. van der Spek, Andries Kalsbeek, et al. “The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Controls Circadian Energy Metabolism and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity.” Diabetes 62, no. 4 (March 14, 2013): 1102–8. https://doi.org/10.2337/db12-0507.

Hall, Jeffrey C. , Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young. “The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017.” Nobel Prize, 2017. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2017/advanced-information/#:~:text=Scientific%20Background-.

Harvard Health Publishing. “What Your Heart Rate Is Telling You - Harvard Health.” Harvard Health. Harvard Health, August 30, 2020. https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/what-your-heart-rate-is-telling-you.

Johns Hopkins Medicine. “Vital Signs (Body Temperature, Pulse Rate, Respiration Rate, Blood Pressure).” Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library, 2019. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/vital-signs-body-temperature-pulse-rate-respiration-rate-blood-pressure.

Laskowski, Edward. “What’s a Normal Resting Heart Rate?” Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic, October 2, 2020. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/expert-answers/heart-rate/faq-20057979#:~:text=A%20normal%20resting%20heart%20rate%20for%20adults%20ranges%20from%2060.

Ma, Melinda A., and Elizabeth H. Morrison. “Neuroanatomy, Nucleus Suprachiasmatic.” PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546664/.

Machado, Frederico Sander Mansur, Gisele Vieira Rodovalho, and Cândido Celso Coimbra. “The Time of Day Differently Influences Fatigue and Locomotor Activity: Is Body Temperature a Key Factor?” Physiology & Behavior 140 (March 2015): 8–14. doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.069.

McGrath, Emily. “Pulse Rate.” Bhf.org.uk. British Heart Foundation, May 27, 2021. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/ask-the-experts/pulse-rate.

Sharma, Lakhi, S. De, P. Kandpal, M. P. Olaniya, S. Yadav, T. Bhardwaj, P. Thorat, et al. “Necessity of ‘Two Time Zones: IST-I (UTC + 5 : 30 H) and IST-II (UTC + 6 : 30 H)’ in India and Its Implementation.” Current Science 115, no. 7 (October 10, 2018): 1252. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v115/i7/1252-1261.

Troy, David. “Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm.” Sleep Education, n.d. https://sleepeducation.org/sleep-disorders/non-24-hour-sleep-wake-rhythm/ .

Senses, Perception, & Biases

Binder, J. R. (2000). Human Temporal Lobe Activation by Speech and Nonspeech Sounds. Cerebral Cortex, 10(5), 512–528. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/10.5.512

Czarnecki, L., & Fontanini, A. (2019). Gustation and Olfaction: The Importance of Place and Time. Current Biology, 29(1), R18–R20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.038

Illusion - Sensory illusions. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/illusion/Sensory-illusions

Johnson, J. (2020, May 21). Temporal lobe: Definition, function, diagrams, and linked conditions. Www.medicalnewstoday.com. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/temporal-lobe#function

Kirby, J. (2018, May 16). Why you hear “Laurel” or “Yanny” in that viral audio clip, explained. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2018/5/16/17358774/yanny-laurel-explained

Samuelsen, C. L., Gardner, M. P. H., & Fontanini, A. (2013). Thalamic Contribution to Cortical Processing of Taste and Expectation. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(5), 1815–1827. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4026-12.2013

van Polanen, V., & Davare, M. (2015). Interactions between dorsal and ventral streams for controlling skilled grasp. Neuropsychologia, 79, 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.010

Attention, Learning, and Memory

Behrmann, M., Geng, J. J., & Shomstein, S. (2004). Parietal cortex and attention. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14(2), 212–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.012

Bird, C. M., & Burgess, N. (2008). The hippocampus and memory: insights from spatial processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(3), 182–194. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2335

Blumenfeld, R. S., & Ranganath, C. (2007). Prefrontal Cortex and Long-Term Memory Encoding: An Integrative Review of Findings from Neuropsychology and Neuroimaging. The Neuroscientist, 13(3), 280–291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858407299290

Bor, D., Duncan, J., Wiseman, R. J., & Owen, A. M. (2003). Encoding Strategies Dissociate Prefrontal Activity from Working Memory Demand. Neuron, 37(2), 361–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(02)01171-6

Cleveland Clinic. (2022). Thalamus: What It Is, Function & Disorders. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22652-thalamus#:~:text=Your%20thalamus%20is%20your%20body

Garcia-Rill, E. (2009). Reticular Activating System - an overview. ScienceDirect Topics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/reticular-activating-system

Hasegawa, I., Hayashi, T., & Miyashita, Y. (1999). Memory retrieval under the control of the prefrontal cortex. Annals of Medicine, 31(6), 380–387. https://doi.org/10.3109/07853899908998795

Huff, T., Mahabadi, N., & Tadi, P. (2022). Neuroanatomy, Visual Cortex. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29494110/#:~:text=The%20visual%20cortex%20is%20the

Lisman, J., Buzsáki, G., Eichenbaum, H., Nadel, L., Ranganath, C., & Redish, A. D. (2017). Viewpoints: how the hippocampus contributes to memory, navigation and cognition. Nature Neuroscience, 20(11), 1434–1447. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4661

Long-Term Potentiation - an overview. (n.d.). ScienceDirect Topics. Retrieved November 30, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/long-term-potentiation#:~:text=Long%2Dterm%20Potentiation%20(Hippocampus)&text=LTP%20is%20the%20most%20widely

Purves, D., Augustine, G. J., Fitzpatrick, D., Katz, L. C., Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, McNamara, J. O., & S Mark Williams. (2016). The Auditory Cortex. Nih.gov; Sinauer Associates. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10900/

Qasim, S. E., Mohan, U. R., Stein, J. M., & Jacobs, J. (2023). Neuronal activity in the human amygdala and hippocampus enhances emotional memory encoding. Nature Human Behaviour, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01502-8

Rajasethupathy, P. (2022, July 13). New study reveals where memory fragments are stored. News. https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/32444-memory-fragments-stored-off-hippocampus-in-prefrontal-cortex/

Scott, J. G., & Schoenberg, M. R. (2010). Frontal Lobe/Executive Functioning. The Little Black Book of Neuropsychology, 219–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76978-3_10

Reading, Writing, and ‘Rithmetic

Andres, Z. (2019, April 22). Psychologically speaking: your brain on writing | Writing and Communication Centre. Uwaterloo.ca. https://uwaterloo.ca/writing-and-communication-centre/blog/psychologically-speaking-your-brain-writing

Bugden, S., & Ansari, D. (2014). When Your Brain Cannot Do 2 + 2: A Case of Developmental Dyscalculia. Frontiers for Young Minds, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2014.00008

Bulthé, J., Prinsen, J., Vanderauwera, J., Duyck, S., Daniels, N., Gillebert, C. R., Mantini, D., Op de Beeck, H. P., & De Smedt, B. (2019). Multi-method brain imaging reveals impaired representations of number as well as altered connectivity in adults with dyscalculia. NeuroImage, 190, 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.012

Cheng, D., Li, M., Cui, J., Wang, L., Wang, N., Ouyang, L., Wang, X., Bai, X., & Zhou, X. (2022). Algebra dissociates from arithmetic in the brain semantic network. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12993-022-00186-4

Edwards, S. (2016). Reading and the Brain. Harvard Medical School. https://hms.harvard.edu/news-events/publications-archive/brain/reading-brain

Kronbichler, M., Wimmer, H., Staffen, W., Hutzler, F., Mair, A., & Ladurner, G. (2008). Developmental dyslexia: Gray matter abnormalities in the occipitotemporal cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 29(5), 613–625. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20425

Mayo Clinic . (2017). Dyslexia - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyslexia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353552

McCaskey, U., von Aster, M., O’Gorman, R., & Kucian, K. (2020). Persistent Differences in Brain Structure in Developmental Dyscalculia: A Longitudinal Morphometry Study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00272

Menon, V. (2016). Memory and cognitive control circuits in mathematical cognition and learning. Progress in Brain Research, 227, 159–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.026

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (n.d.). Dysgraphia. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/dysgraphia#:~:text=Dysgraphia%20is%20a%20neurological%20disorder

Norton, E. S., Beach, S. D., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2015). Neurobiology of Dyslexia. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 30(30), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.09.007

Ohio Department of Education & Workforce. (n.d.). The Reading Brain What Every Educator Needs to Know. Ohio.gov. Retrieved November 29, 2023, from https://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Learning-in-Ohio/Literacy/Striving-Readers-Comprehensive-Literacy-Grant1/2020-Literacy-Academy/1-06-2-06-The-Reading-Brain-Lit-Academy-ACCESSIBLE-PDF-1.pdf.aspx?lang=en-US#:~:text=We%20when%20read%2C%20we%20recognize

University of California San Francisco. (2019). Speech & Language. Weill Institute for Neurosciences Memory and Aging Center. https://memory.ucsf.edu/symptoms/speech-language

Neurodiversity and Inner Worlds

Collins, D., & Casabianca, S. S. (2021, August 24). Are Intelligent People More Prone to Bipolar Disorder? Psych Central. https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/intelligence-linked-to-bipolar-disorder

Escamilla, M. A., & Zavala, J. M. (2008). Genetics of bipolar disorder. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 10(2), 141–152. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181866/

Learning Disorders and Disabilities. (n.d.). Boston Children’s Hospital. https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/learning-disorders-and-disabilities#:~:text=No%20one%20really%20knows%20what

Praslova, L. (2023, March 30). 2 things most people get wrong about autistic talent. Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/90872761/things-people-get-wrong-autistic-talent

Kasirer, A., Adi-Japha, E., & Mashal, N. (2020). Verbal and Figural Creativity in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typical Development. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 559238. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559238

Turner, E., Aitken, E., & Richards, G. (2021). Autistic Traits, STEM, and Medicine: Autism Spectrum Quotient Scores Predict Medical Students’ Career Specialty Preferences. Sage Open, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211050389

Ruzich E, Allison C, Chakrabarti B, Smith P, Musto H, Ring H, Baron-Cohen S. Sex and STEM Occupation Predict Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Scores in Half a Million People. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 21;10(10):e0141229. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141229. PMID: 26488477; PMCID: PMC4619566.

Rylaarsdam, L., & Guemez-Gamboa, A. (2019). Genetic causes and modifiers of autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 13(13). https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00385

Lai, H., Wang, S., Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Yang, C., & Gong, Q. (2019). Brain gray matter correlates of extraversion: A systematic review and meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Human brain mapping, 40(14), 4038–4057. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24684

Mythbusting and Q&A - There are right brain people and left brain people

Britannica. “Are There Really Right-Brained and Left-Brained People? | Britannica,” n.d. https://www.britannica.com/story/are-there-really-right-brained-and-left-brained-people#:~:text=Like%20many%20modern%20myths%2C%20the.

Lienhard, Dina. “Roger Sperry’s Split Brain Experiments (1959–1968) | the Embryo Project Encyclopedia.” embryo.asu.edu, December 27, 2017. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/roger-sperrys-split-brain-experiments-1959-1968#:~:text=Sperry%20severed%20the%20corpus%20callosum.

Nielsen, Jared A., Brandon A. Zielinski, Michael A. Ferguson, Janet E. Lainhart, and Jeffrey S. Anderson. “An Evaluation of the Left-Brain vs. Right-Brain Hypothesis with Resting State Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging.” Edited by Yong He. PLoS ONE 8, no. 8 (August 14, 2013): e71275. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071275.

Shmerling, Robert. “Right Brain/Left Brain, Right?” Harvard Health Blog, July 28, 2017. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/right-brainleft-brain-right-2017082512222.

Mythbusting and Q&A - Mindreading is possible

Andersen, Ross. “The Right to Not Have Your Mind Read.” The Atlantic, August 21, 2023. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/08/mind-reading-brain-data-interrogation-mri-machines/675059/?utm_source=apple_news.

Nahas, Kamal. “AI Re-Creates What People See by Reading Their Brain Scans.” Science.org, March 7, 2023. https://www.science.org/content/article/ai-re-creates-what-people-see-reading-their-brain-scans.

Reardon, Sara. “Mind-Reading Machines Are Here: Is It Time to Worry?” Nature 617, no. 7960 (May 2, 2023): 236–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-01486-z.

https://www.psypost.org/researchers-combine-ai-and-fmri-to-predict-the-emotional-relevance-of-spontaneous-thoughts/#google_vignette

Mythbusting and Q&A - Handedness reveals differences in your brain - left, right, or ambidextrous

Gobet, Fernand, and Giovanni Sala. “Are Left-Handed People More Gifted than Others? Our Study Suggests It May Hold True for Maths.” The Conversation, June 14, 2017. https://theconversation.com/are-left-handed-people-more-gifted-than-others-our-study-suggests-it-may-hold-true-for-maths-79059.

Karlsson, Emma. “Being Left-Handed Doesn’t Mean You Are Right-Brained – so What Does It Mean?” The Conversation, August 12, 2019. https://theconversation.com/being-left-handed-doesnt-mean-you-are-right-brained-so-what-does-it-mean-121711.

Li, Meiling, Heng Chen, Junping Wang, Feng Liu, Zhiliang Long, Yifeng Wang, Yasser Iturria-Medina, Jiang Zhang, Chunshui Yu, and Huafu Chen. “Handedness- and Hemisphere-Related Differences in Small-World Brain Networks: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography Study.” Brain Connectivity 4, no. 2 (March 2014): 145–56. https://doi.org/10.1089/brain.2013.0211.

Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. “Large Study Compares the Brains of Left-Handers and Right-Handers | Max Planck Institute,” November 17, 2021. https://www.mpi.nl/news/large-study-compares-brains-left-handers-and-right-handers.

Price, Michael . “The Left Brain Knows What the Right Hand Is Doing.” Https://Www.apa.org, January 2009. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/01/brain#:~:text=But%20handedness%20has%20its%20roots.

Rope, Kate. “Left-Handed vs. Right-Handed.” Edited by Jabeen Begum. WebMD, 2019. https://www.webmd.com/brain/ss/slideshow-left-handed-vs-right.

Wikipedia. “Neuroanatomy of Handedness,” July 19, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroanatomy_of_handedness.

Willems, Roel M., and Clyde Francks. “Your Left-Handed Brain.” Frontiers for Young Minds 2 (April 24, 2014). https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2014.00013.

Chapter 2

In Utero & Babies

Baby Developmental Milestones by Month. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22063-baby-development-milestones-safety

Brain Architecture. (n.d.). Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/brain-architecture/#:~:text=Brains%20are%20built%20over%20time%2C%20from%20the%20bottom%20up.&text=In%20the%20first%20few%20years

Developmental milestones for baby. (n.d.). March of Dimes. https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/parenthood/developmental-milestones-baby

Fantie, B. D. (2008, December). FIGURE 2. Prenatal development of the human brain showing a series of... ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Prenatal-development-of-the-human-brain-showing-a-series-of-embryonic-and-fetal-stages_fig2_227028480

Harvard University. (2019). The Science of Early Childhood Development. Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/inbrief-science-of-ecd/

Hasegawa, M., Houdou, S., Mito, T., Takashima, S., Asanuma, K., & Ohno, T. (1992). Development of myelination in the human fetal and infant cerebrum: A myelin basic protein immunohistochemical study. Brain and Development, 14(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0387-7604(12)80271-3

Infant Development & Milestones. (n.d.). MI Kids Matter. https://www.michigan.gov/mikidsmatter/parents/infant/milestones

Karakaş, N. M. (2019). The importance of attachment in infant and influencing factors. Türk Pediatri Arşivi, 54(2). https://doi.org/10.14744/turkpediatriars.2018.80269

Konkel, L. (2018). The Brain before Birth: Using fMRI to Explore the Secrets of Fetal Neurodevelopment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 126(11), 112001. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp2268

Lindberg, S. (2020, September 30). When Does a Fetus Develop a Brain? (C. Kay, Ed.). Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/when-does-a-fetus-develop-a-brain#second-trimester

Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Infant development: Milestones from 7 to 9 months. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/infant-development/art-20047086

Mayo Clinic. (2017a). Infant development: Milestones from 4 to 6 months. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/infant-development/art-20048178

Mayo Clinic. (2017b). Infant development: Milestones from 10 to 12 months. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/infant-development/art-20047380

Mayo Clinic. (2020, June 30). Fetal development: What happens during the 3rd trimester? Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/fetal-development/art-20045997

Mayo Clinic. (2022, June 3). Fetal development: What happens during the 1st trimester? Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/prenatal-care/art-20045302

Mayo Clinic. (2023, February 10). Infant development: Birth to 3 Months. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/infant-development/art-20048012

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2020). Fetal development: What happens during the 2nd trimester? Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/fetal-development/art-20046151

Morell, P., & Quarles, R. H. (1999). Developmental Biology of Myelin. Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. 6th Edition. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28151/#:~:text=In%20humans%2C%20the%20motor%20roots

Rizzitano, E. (2021, November 18). Sweet dreams: A guide to infant sleep. Boston Children’s Answers. https://answers.childrenshospital.org/infant-sleep/

Scogna, K. (2022). How your baby’s brain develops | BabyCenter (L. Alrahmani, Ed.). BabyCenter. https://www.babycenter.com/pregnancy/your-baby/fetal-development-your-babys-brain_20004924

StoryMD. (n.d.). Developing Human Brain. StoryMD.com. Retrieved November 23, 2023, from https://storymd.com/asset/Qd9G3YcgAg-developing-human-brain

Yarnykh, V. L., Irina Yu. Prihod'ko, Савелов, А. А., & Korostyshevskaya, A. M. (2018). Quantitative Assessment of Normal Fetal Brain Myelination Using Fast Macromolecular Proton Fraction Mapping. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 39(7), 1341–1348. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a5668

Zero to Three. (n.d.). Why 0-3? ZERO to THREE. https://www.zerotothree.org/why-0-3/

Kids and Teens’ Brains

Arain, M., Mathur, P., Rais, A., Nel, W., Sandhu, R., Haque, M., Johal, L., & Sharma, S. (2013). Maturation of the Adolescent Brain. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9(9), 449–461. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s39776

Bainbridge, C. (2022, October 24). How do children learn language? Verywell Family. https://www.verywellfamily.com/how-do-children-learn-language-1449116

Cafasso, J. (2018, September 18). Synaptic Pruning: Definition, Early Childhood, and More. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/synaptic-pruning#:~:text=Synaptic%20pruning%20is%20a%20natural

Casey, B. J., & Caudle, K. (2013). The Teenage Brain. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(2), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413480170

De Bellis, M. D., & Zisk, A. (2014). The Biological Effects of Childhood Trauma. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23(2), 185–222. doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2014.01.002

Drake, V. J. (2014, April 29). Children. Linus Pauling Institute. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/life-stages/children

Dror, D. K., & Allen, L. H. (2018). Overview of Nutrients in Human Milk. Advances in Nutrition, 9(suppl_1), 278S294S. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy022

Juber, B. A., Jackson, K. H., Johnson, K. B., Harris, W. S., & Baack, M. L. (2016). Breast milk DHA levels may increase after informing women: a community-based cohort study from South Dakota USA. International Breastfeeding Journal, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-016-0099-0

Krawiec, S. (2022, January 14). New review highlights importance of vitamin K2 for children. Nutritional Outlook. https://www.nutritionaloutlook.com/view/new-review-highlights-importance-of-vitamin-k2-for-children#:~:text=Another%20important%20area%20that%20vitamin

Kuhl, P. K. (2011). Early Language Learning and Literacy: Neuroscience Implications for Education. Mind, Brain, and Education, 5(3), 128–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-228x.2011.01121.x

Mayo Clinic. (2017). What nutrients does your child need now? Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/nutrition-for-kids/art-20049335

McLean, S. (2016, June). The effect of trauma on the brain development of children | Australian Institute of Family Studies. Aifs.gov.au. https://aifs.gov.au/resources/practice-guides/effect-trauma-brain-development-children

Nyaradi, A., Li, J., Hickling, S., Foster, J., & Oddy, W. H. (2013). The role of nutrition in children’s neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00097

Petersen, A. C., Joseph, J., & Feit, M. (2014, March 25). Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect. Nih.gov; National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK195987/

Quaye, E., Galecki, A. T., Tilton, N., Whitney, R. T., Briceño, E. M., Mitchell S.V. Elkind, Fitzpatrick, A. L., Gottesman, R. F., Griswold, M., Gross, A. L., Heckbert, S. R., Hughes, T. M., Longstreth, W. T., Sacco, R. L., Sidney, S., B. Gwen Windham, Yaffe, K., & Levine, D. A. (2022). Association of Obesity With Cognitive Decline in Black and White Americans. 100(2), e220–e231. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000201367

Resilience. (n.d.). Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/resilience/#:~:text=The%20single%20most%20common%20factor

Roberts, M., Tolar-Peterson, T., Reynolds, A., Wall, C., Reeder, N., & Rico Mendez, G. (2022). The Effects of Nutritional Interventions on the Cognitive Development of Preschool-Age Children: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14(3), 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030532

Romer, D. (2010). Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: Implications for prevention. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20442

Spratt, E. G., Friedenberg, S., LaRosa, A., Bellis, M. D. D., Macias, M. M., Summer, A. P., Hulsey, T. C., Runyan, D. K., & Brady, K. T. (2012). The Effects of Early Neglect on Cognitive, Language, and Behavioral Functioning in Childhood. Psychology, 03(02), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.32026

Traber, M. G. (2021). Vitamin E: necessary nutrient for neural development and cognitive function. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 80(3), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665121000914

Uytun, M. C. (2018). Development Period of Prefrontal Cortex. In www.intechopen.com. IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/63179

Yakoob, M. Y., & Lo, C. W. (2017). Nutrition (Micronutrients) in Child Growth and Development: A Systematic Review on Current Evidence, Recommendations and Opportunities for Further Research. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 38(8), 665–679. https://doi.org/10.1097/dbp.0000000000000482

Frances Sizer Webb, and Eleanor Noss Whitney. Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies. 14th ed. Boston, Ma: Cengage Learning, 2017.

Kandola, Aaron. “Vegan Deficiencies: What Are They? How Can They Be Avoided?” Edited by Jillian Kubala. www.medicalnewstoday.com, January 22, 2021. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/vegan-defiencies#iodine.

Mount Sinai Health System. “Copper in Diet Information,” n.d. https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/nutrition/copper-in-diet.

Mount Sinai Health System. “Pantothenic Acid and Biotin Information,” n.d. https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/nutrition/pantothenic-acid-and-biotin.

R. Morgan Griffin. “Magnesium.” WebMD, April 16, 2008. https://www.webmd.com/diet/supplement-guide-magnesium.

Sachdev, Poonam. “Potassium Rich Foods.” WebMD, February 13, 2017. https://www.webmd.com/diet/foods-rich-in-potassium.

The Reproductive Brain

Batrinos, M. L. (2012). Testosterone and Aggressive Behavior in Man. International Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 10(3), 563–568. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.3661

Boyle, A., Editor, S., & News, N. B. C. (2013, June 15). This is your brain on fatherhood: Dads experience hormonal changes too, research shows. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/your-brain-fatherhood-dads-experience-hormonal-changes-too-research-shows-6C10333109

Byers, J. S., Huguenard, A. L., Kuruppu, D., Liu, N.-K., Xu, X.-M., & Sengelaub, D. R. (2012). Neuroprotective effects of testosterone on motoneuron and muscle morphology following spinal cord injury. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 520(12), 2683–2696. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.23066

Douglas, A. J. (2010). Baby Love? Oxytocin-Dopamine Interactions in Mother-Infant Bonding. Endocrinology, 151(5), 1978–1980. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0259

Fargo, K. N., M. Galbiati, Foecking, E. M., Poletti, A., & Jones, K. J. (2008). Androgen regulation of axon growth and neurite extension in motoneurons. Hormones and Behavior, 53(5), 716–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.01.014

Gritters, J. (2020, May 5). This Is Your Brain on Motherhood. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/05/parenting/mommy-brain-science.html

Hara, Y., Waters, E. M., McEwen, B. S., & Morrison, J. H. (2015). Estrogen Effects on Cognitive and Synaptic Health Over the Lifecourse. Physiological Reviews, 95(3), 785–807. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00036.2014

Holland, K. (2017, May). The Incredible Shrinking Brains of New Mothers. Healthline; Healthline Media. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/pregnancy-effects-on-brain

Jäncke, L. (2018). Sex/gender differences in cognition, neurophysiology, and neuroanatomy. F1000Research, 7, 805. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13917.1

Kim, S., & Strathearn, L. (2016). Oxytocin and Maternal Brain Plasticity. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2016(153), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20170

Kim, Pilyoung et al. (2016). The maternal brain and its plasticity in humans. 77

Kurth, F., Gaser, C., Sánchez, F. J., & Luders, E. (2022). Brain Sex in Transgender Women Is Shifted towards Gender Identity. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(6), 1582. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11061582

Lenroot, R. K., & Giedd, J. N. (2010). Sex differences in the adolescent brain. Brain and Cognition, 72(1), 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.008

Manzouri, A., & Savic, I. (2018). Multimodal MRI suggests that male homosexuality may be linked to cerebral midline structures. PLoS ONE, 13(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203189

McCarthy, M. M. (2008). Estradiol and the Developing Brain. Physiological Reviews, 88(1), 91–134. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00010.2007

Saxbe, D., & García, M. M. (n.d.). Fatherhood changes men’s brains, according to before-and-after MRI scans. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/fatherhood-changes-mens-brains-according-to-before-and-after-mri-scans-191999

Scatliffe, N., Casavant, S., Vittner, D., & Cong, X. (2019). Oxytocin and Early parent-infant interactions: a Systematic Review. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(4), 445–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.009

Science Update: Increase in hippocampus volume may reflect successful adaptation to fatherhood, NIH-funded study suggests. (2023, June 1). Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/newsroom/news/060123-paternal-hippocampal-growth

Sheppard, P. A. S., Choleris, E., & Galea, L. A. M. (2019). Structural plasticity of the hippocampus in response to estrogens in female rodents. Molecular Brain, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-019-0442-7

Singh, S., Fereshetyan, K., Shorter, S., Paliokha, R., Dremencov, E., Yenkoyan, K., & Ovsepian, S. V. (2023). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in perinatal depression: Side show or pivotal factor? Drug Discovery Today, 28(2), 103467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103467

Spaziani, M., Tarantino, C., Tahani, N., Gianfrilli, D., Sbardella, E., Lenzi, A., & Radicioni, A. F. (2021). Hypothalamo-Pituitary axis and puberty. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 520, 111094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2020.111094

Strathearn, L. (2011). Maternal Neglect: Oxytocin, Dopamine and the Neurobiology of Attachment. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 23(11), 1054–1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02228.x

Swaab, D. F., Gooren, L. J. G., & Hofman, M. A. (1995). Brain Research, Gender and Sexual Orientation. Journal of Homosexuality, 28(3-4), 283–301. https://doi.org/10.1300/j082v28n03_07

Transgender brains are more like their desired gender from an early age. (2018, May 24). ScienceDaily. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180524112351.htm

Votinov, M., Goerlich, K. S., Puiu, A. A., Smith, E., Nickl-Jockschat, T., Derntl, B., & Habel, U. (2021). Brain structure changes associated with sexual orientation. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84496-z

Middle-Age

Baker-Poranzinski, Jennifer. “How Your Brain Changes with Age + Proven Brain Boosters.” Canyon Ranch, April 6, 2022. https://www.canyonranch.com/well-stated/post/how-your-brain-changes-with-age/.

Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health. “Changes That Occur to the Aging Brain: What Happens When We Get Older,” June 10, 2021. https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/news/changes-occur-aging-brain-what-happens-when-we-get-older.

Cooperman, Jeannette. “How Changes in Your Brain Can Trigger a Midlife Crisis.” www.stlmag.com, July 10, 2018. https://www.stlmag.com/health/news/how-changes-in-your-brain-can-trigger-a-midlife-crisis/.

Devlin, Hannah. “Brains Do Not Slow down until after Age of 60, Study Finds.” The Guardian, February 17, 2022, sec. Science. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/feb/17/brains-do-not-slow-down-until-after-age-of-60-study-finds#:~:text=But%20now%20a%20study%2C%20based.

Ebner, Natalie C., Marcia K. Johnson, and Håkan Fischer. “Neural Mechanisms of Reading Facial Emotions in Young and Older Adults.” Frontiers in Psychology 3 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00223.

Gonçalves, Ana R., Carina Fernandes, Rita Pasion, Fernando Ferreira-Santos, Fernando Barbosa, and João Marques-Teixeira. “Effects of Age on the Identification of Emotions in Facial Expressions: A Meta-Analysis.” PeerJ 6 (July 25, 2018): e5278. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5278.

Grech, Olivia. “How Does the Brain Change as We Age?” News-Medical.net, October 12, 2022. https://www.news-medical.net/health/How-does-the-Brain-Change-as-we-Age.aspx.

Guo, J.Y., M. Isohanni, J. Miettunen, E. Jääskeläinen, V. Kiviniemi, J. Nikkinen, J. Remes, et al. “Brain Structural Changes in Women and Men during Midlife.” Neuroscience Letters 615 (February 2016): 107–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.007.

Martelli, Margherita, Laura Zingaretti, Gianmaria Salvio, Massimo Bracci, and Lory Santarelli. “Influence of Work on Andropause and Menopause: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 25, 2021): 10074. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910074.

Murman, Daniel. “The Impact of Age on Cognition.” Seminars in Hearing 36, no. 03 (July 9, 2015): 111–21. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1555115.

Nichols, Hannah. “What Happens to the Brain as We Age?” www.medicalnewstoday.com, September 9, 2020. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319185.

Phillips, Melissa Lee. “The Mind at Midlife.” American Psychological Association, April 2011. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/04/mind-midlife.

Pradhan, S.N. “Central Neurotransmitters and Aging.” Life Sciences 26, no. 20 (May 1980): 1643–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(80)90172-1.

“The Wonders of the Middle-Aged Brain.” The Harvard Mahoney Neuroscience Institute, 2013. https://hms.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/publications%20archive/OnTheBrain/OnTheBrainFall13.pdf.

Whitley, Elise, Ian J. Deary, Stuart J. Ritchie, G. David Batty, Meena Kumari, and Michaela Benzeval. “Variations in Cognitive Abilities across the Life Course: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Understanding Society : The UK Household Longitudinal Study.” Intelligence 59 (November 2016): 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2016.07.001.

Menopause

Healthdirect Australia. “Post Menopause.” www.healthdirect.gov.au, October 24, 2022. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/post-menopause#:~:text=Menopause%20marks%20the%20permanent%20end.

LaMotte, Sandee. “Alzheimer’s and HRT: Study Suggests Sweet Spot to Avoid Dementia.” CNN, April 3, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/health/alzheimers-hormone-replacement-therapy-wellness/index.html.

Maki, Pauline M., and Rebecca C. Thurston. “Menopause and Brain Health: Hormonal Changes Are Only Part of the Story.” Frontiers in Neurology 11 (September 23, 2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.562275.

MD, Andrew E. Budson. “Why Are Women More Likely to Develop Alzheimer’s Disease?” Harvard Health, January 20, 2022. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/why-are-women-more-likely-to-develop-alzheimers-disease-202201202672#:~:text=Did%20you%20know%20that%20of.

Mosconi, Lisa, Valentina Berti, Jonathan Dyke, Eva Schelbaum, Steven Jett, Lacey Loughlin, Grace Jang, et al. “Menopause Impacts Human Brain Structure, Connectivity, Energy Metabolism, and Amyloid-Beta Deposition.” Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 10867. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90084-y.

———. “Menopause Impacts Human Brain Structure, Connectivity, Energy Metabolism, and Amyloid-Beta Deposition.” Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 10867. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90084-y.

Mosconi, Lisa, Aneela Rahman, Ivan Diaz, Xian Wu, Olivia Scheyer, Hollie Webb Hristov, Shankar Vallabhajosula, Richard S. Isaacson, Mony J. de Leon, and Roberta Diaz Brinton. “Increased Alzheimer’s Risk during the Menopause Transition: A 3-Year Longitudinal Brain Imaging Study.” Edited by Stephen D. Ginsberg. PLOS ONE 13, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): e0207885. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207885.

Nathan-Garner, Laura. “How Does Menopause Affect Cancer Risk?” MD Anderson Cancer Center, November 2015. https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/focused-on-health/FOH-menopause-cancer.h20-1589835.html#:~:text=How%20does%20the%20age%20at.

National Institute on Aging. “What Is Menopause?,” n.d. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-menopause#:~:text=The%20years%20leading%20up%20to.

Pourhadi N, MÃ¸rch L S, Holm E A, Torp-Pedersen C, Meaidi A. Menopausal hormone therapy and dementia: nationwide, nested case-control study BMJ 2023; 381 :e072770 doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072770

Reddy, Sumathi. “The Surprising Good News on How Menopause Changes Your Brain.” Wall Street Journal, June 14, 2021, sec. Life. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-surprising-good-news-on-how-menopause-changes-your-brain-11623698003.

———. “What If We Could Get Rid of Menopause?” Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2023, sec. Life. https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-if-we-could-get-rid-of-menopause-7adbc4e0?mod=WTRN_pos2&cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_176&cx_artPos=1.

Salamon, Maureen. “Dementia Link to Early Menopause.” Harvard Health, June 1, 2022. https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/dementia-link-to-early-menopause.

Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase Women's Risk of Dementia? Yanan Shang 99 (17) e1954-e1956 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000201390 Publication: Neurology Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Date: Oct 24, 2022

Stewart, Maryon. “The National Council on Aging.” www.ncoa.org, October 4, 2022. https://ncoa.org/article/5-ways-to-manage-your-menopause-naturally#:~:text=Exercising%20regularly%20can%20release%20the.

The Menopause Charity. “Can HRT Help Protect against Alzheimer’s and Dementia?,” April 25, 2022. https://www.themenopausecharity.org/2022/04/25/can-hrt-help-protect-against-alzheimers-and-dementia/.

Tom, Sarah E., Rachel Cooper, Robert B. Wallace, and Jack M. Guralnik. “Type and Timing of Menopause and Later Life Mortality among Women in the Iowa Established Populations for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly (EPESE) Cohort.” Journal of Women’s Health 21, no. 1 (January 2012): 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2011.2745.

Warburton, Darren ER, Crystal Whitney Nicol, Stephanie N Gatto, and Shannon SD Bredin. “Cardiovascular Disease and Osteoporosis: Balancing Risk Management.” Vascular Health and Risk Management 3, no. 5 (October 1, 2007): 673–89. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2291312/.

Weizhao, Lu, Wei Guo, Kun Mean Hou, Huihui Zhao, Liting Shi, Dong Kejiang, and Jianfeng Qiu. “Grey Matter Differences Associated with Age and Sex Hormone Levels between Premenopausal and Perimenopausal Women: A Voxel‐Based Morphometry Study.” Journal of Neuroendocrinology 30, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): e12655–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12655.

www.alzheimers.org.uk. “Hormones and Dementia | Alzheimer’s Society.” Accessed October 28, 2023. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/risk-factors-and-prevention/hormones-and-dementia#:~:text=Does%20hormone%20replacement%20therapy%20reduce.

Interactions Between Age, Sex, Menopause, and Brain Structure at Midlife: A UK Biobank Study

Ambikairajah, Ananthan, Hossein Tabatabaei-Jafari, Michael Hornberger, and Nicolas Cherbuin. “Age, Menstruation History, and the Brain.” Menopause 28, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): 167–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0000000000001688.

Cano, Antonio, Skye Marshall, Irene Zolfaroli, Johannes Bitzer, Iuliana Ceausu, Peter Chedraui, Fatih Durmusoglu, et al. “The Mediterranean Diet and Menopausal Health: An EMAS Position Statement.” Maturitas 139 (September 2020): 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.07.001.

Goldstein, Jill M. “Menopause and Memory: Know the Facts.” Harvard Health, November 3, 2021. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/menopause-and-memory-know-the-facts-202111032630.

Moir, M. Erin, Adam T. Corkery, Katherine A. Senese, Kathleen B. Miller, Andrew G. Pearson, Nicole A. Loggie, Anna J. Howery, et al. “Age at Natural Menopause Impacts Cerebrovascular Reactivity and Brain Structure.” American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 324, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): R207–15. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00228.2022.

Schnabel, Jim. “Menopause Triggers Changes in Brain That May Promote Alzheimer’s.” Cornell Chronicle, Spring 10AD. https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2017/10/menopause-triggers-changes-brain-may-promote-alzheimers.

Than, Stephanie, Chris Moran, Richard Beare, Amanda J Vincent, Taya A Collyer, Wei Wang, Michele L Callisaya, et al. “Interactions between Age, Sex, Menopause, and Brain Structure at Midlife: A UK Biobank Study.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 106, no. 2 (November 17, 2020): 410–20. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa847.

Weill Cornell Medicine. “For Women, Greater Exposure to Estrogen in Life May Protect Brain Regions That Are Vulnerable to Alzheimer’s.” ScienceDaily, November 4, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/11/211104140355.htm.

Andropause

Beauchet, Olivier. “Testosterone and Cognitive Function: Current Clinical Evidence of a Relationship.” European Journal of Endocrinology 155, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 773–81. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02306.

Bhasin, Shalender. “Testosterone Replacement in Aging Men: An Evidence-Based Patient-Centric Perspective.” The Journal of Clinical Investigation 131, no. 4 (February 15, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI146607.

Cleveland Clinic. “Low Testosterone (Low T): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment,” n.d. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15603-low-testosterone-male-hypogonadism#:~:text=Data%20suggest%20that%20about%202.

Cleveland Clinic. “Low Testosterone (Low T): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment,” October 4, 2018. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15603-low-testosterone-male-hypogonadism.

Cleveland Clinic. “Why Are Testosterone Levels Declining?,” September 20, 2022. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/declining-testosterone-levels/#:~:text=It.

D.C, Dr Vincent C. Bubolo. “Testosterone Replacement Therapy: Link between Low Testosterone, Anxiety, and Depression.” Bubolo Medical, October 15, 2021. https://bubolomedical.com/blog/testosterone-replacement-therapy-link-between-low-testosterone-anxiety-and-depression/#:~:text=Studies%20have%20found%20that%20testosterone.

Fryt, Joanna, Monika Szczygieł, and Natasha Duell. “Positive and Negative Risk-Taking: Age Patterns and Relations to Domain-Specific Risk-Taking.” Advances in Life Course Research 54 (December 2022): 100515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2022.100515.

Hahn, Andreas, Georg S. Kranz, Ronald Sladky, Ulrike Kaufmann, Sebastian Ganger, Allan Hummer, Rene Seiger, et al. “Testosterone Affects Language Areas of the Adult Human Brain.” Human Brain Mapping 37, no. 5 (February 15, 2016): 1738–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23133.

Healthline. “Common Side Effects of Low Testosterone in Men,” 2016. https://www.healthline.com/health/side-effects-of-low-testosterone.

Hoffman, Matthew. “Low Testosterone and Your Health.” Edited by Melinda Ratini. WebMD, n.d. https://www.webmd.com/men/what-low-testosterone-can-mean-your-health.

Johnson, Justin M., Lisa B. Nachtigall, and Theodore A. Stern. “The Effect of Testosterone Levels on Mood in Men: A Review.” Psychosomatics 54, no. 6 (November 2013): 509–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2013.06.018.

LeWine, Howard E. “Testosterone — What It Does and Doesn’t Do.” Harvard Health, July 16, 2015. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/testosterone--what-it-does-and-doesnt-do.

Mayo Clinic. “Understanding Aging and Testosterone.” Mayo Clinic, May 24, 2022. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/mens-health/in-depth/male-menopause/art-20048056.

McBride, J. Abram, Culley C. Carson, and Robert M. Coward. “Testosterone Deficiency in the Aging Male.” Therapeutic Advances in Urology 8, no. 1 (November 5, 2015): 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756287215612961.

Michaud, Jason E., Kevin L. Billups, and Alan W. Partin. “Testosterone and Prostate Cancer: An Evidence-Based Review of Pathogenesis and Oncologic Risk.” Therapeutic Advances in Urology 7, no. 6 (August 6, 2015): 378–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756287215597633.

Ramasamy, Ranjith, Peter N. Schlegel, and Erik S. Fisher. “Testosterone Replacement and Prostate Cancer.” Indian Journal of Urology 28, no. 2 (2012): 123. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-1591.98449.

Stanton, Steven J., O’Dhaniel A. Mullette-Gillman, R. Edward McLaurin, Cynthia M. Kuhn, Kevin S. LaBar, Michael L. Platt, and Scott A. Huettel. “Low- and High-Testosterone Individuals Exhibit Decreased Aversion to Economic Risk.” Psychological Science 22, no. 4 (March 10, 2011): 447–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611401752.

Tamás, Viktória, Ferenc Kocsor, Petra Gyuris, Noémi Kovács, Endre Czeiter, and András Büki. “The Young Male Syndrome—an Analysis of Sex, Age, Risk Taking and Mortality in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injuries.” Frontiers in Neurology 10, no. 366 (April 12, 2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00366.

www.hopkinsmedicine.org. “Surprise: High-Dose Testosterone Therapy Helps Some Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer,” January 7, 2015. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/surprise_high_dose_testosterone_therapy_helps_some_men_with_advanced_prostate_cancer.

Older Brains

Burke, S. N., & Barnes, C. A. (2006). Neural plasticity in the ageing brain. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 7(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1809

CDC. (2023, February 24). Help Your Brain Stay Sharp. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/features/physical-activity-brain-health/index.html#:~:text=Did%20you%20know%20it

Cherry, K. (2021, August 23). What Are Fluid Intelligence and Crystallized Intelligence? Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/fluid-intelligence-vs-crystallized-intelligence-2795004

Cole, J. H., Marioni, R. E., Harris, S. E., & Deary, I. J. (2019). Brain age and other bodily “ages”: implications for neuropsychiatry. Molecular Psychiatry, 24(2), 266–281. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0098-1

Crichton, G. E., Elias, M. F., Davey, A., & Alkerwi, A. (2014). Cardiovascular Health and Cognitive Function: The Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e89317. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089317

Ebner, N. C., Johnson, M. K., & Fischer, H. (2012). Neural Mechanisms of Reading Facial Emotions in Young and Older Adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00223

Gonçalves, A. R., Fernandes, C., Pasion, R., Ferreira-Santos, F., Barbosa, F., & Marques-Teixeira, J. (2018). Effects of age on the identification of emotions in facial expressions: a meta-analysis. PeerJ, 6, e5278. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5278

Harvard Health Publishing. (2015, April 1). Older brains can be better, smarter brains . Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/press_releases/older-brains-can-be-better-smarter-brains

Juttukonda, M., & Salat, D. (n.d.). How Aging Affects Blood Flow to the Brain. Harvard Brain Science Initiative. https://brain.harvard.edu/hbi_news/how-aging-affects-blood-flow-to-the-brain/#:~:text=First%2C%20cerebral%20blood%20flow%20decreases

Kurtzman, L. (2013, September 4). Training the Older Brain in 3-D: Video Game Enhances Cognitive Control. Training the Older Brain in 3-D: Video Game Enhances Cognitive Control | UC San Francisco. https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2013/09/108616/training-older-brain-3-d-video-game-enhances-cognitive-control

LaPlume, A. A., Anderson, N. D., McKetton, L., Levine, B., & Troyer, A. K. (2021). When I’m 64: Age-Related Variability in Over 40,000 Online Cognitive Test Takers. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 77(1), 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab143

Leritz, E. C., McGlinchey, R. E., Kellison, I., Rudolph, J. L., & Milberg, W. P. (2011). Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Cognition in the Elderly. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 5(5), 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-011-0189-x

Morse, C. (1993). Does variability increase with age? An archival study of cognitive measures. Psychology and Aging, 8(2), 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.8.2.156

National Research Council (US) Committee on Aging Frontiers in Social Psychology, P., Carstensen, L. L., & Hartel, C. R. (2006). Social Engagement and Cognition. Www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83766/#:~:text=Findings%20from%20a%20few%20studies

Peters, R. (2006). Ageing and the brain. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 82(964), 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2005.036665

Stuart, Karlsson, S., Rieckmann, A., Nyberg, L., & Lars Bäckman. (2012). Aging-Related Increases in Behavioral Variability: Relations to Losses of Dopamine D1 Receptors. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(24), 8186–8191. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5474-11.2012

Watanabe, H., Bagarinao, E., Maesawa, S., Hara, K., Kawabata, K., Ogura, A., Ohdake, R., Shima, S., Mizutani, Y., Ueda, A., Ito, M., Katsuno, M., & Sobue, G. (2021). Characteristics of Neural Network Changes in Normal Aging and Early Dementia. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.747359

Xue, B., Cadar, D., Fleischmann, M., Stansfeld, S., Carr, E., Kivimäki, M., McMunn, A., & Head, J. (2017). Effect of retirement on cognitive function: the Whitehall II cohort study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 33(10), 989–1001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-017-0347-7

Chapter 3

Brain Health Questionnaire

Li, Clara, Judith Neugroschl, Xiaodong Luo, Carolyn Zhu, Paul Aisen, Steven Ferris, and Mary Sano. “The Utility of the Cognitive Function Instrument (CFI) to Detect Cognitive Decline in Non-Demented Older Adults.” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 60, no. 2 (September 18, 2017): 427–37. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-161294.

Lumosity. “Lumosity Brain Training: Challenge & Improve Your Mind,” n.d. https://www.lumosity.com/en/landing_pages/fit-test.

MoCA – Cognitive Assessment. “MoCA - Cognitive Assessment,” 2023. https://mocacognition.com/.

Possin, Katherine L., Tacie Moskowitz, Sabrina J. Erlhoff, Kirsten Rogers, Erica T. Johnson, Natasha Z.R. Steele, Joseph J. Higgins, et al. “The Brain Health Assessment for Detecting and Diagnosing Neurocognitive Disorders.” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 150–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15208.

Sapien Labs | Neuroscience | Human Brain Diversity Project. “The #MHQ - Mental Health Quotient - Sapien Labs - Mental Heatlh,” n.d. https://sapienlabs.org/mhq/.

Wikipedia Contributors. “Mini–Mental State Examination.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, September 23, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini%E2%80%93Mental_State_Examination.

Family & Personal Brain Health History

Abrams, Z. (2023, June 1). The science of why friendships keep us healthy. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2023/06/cover-story-science-friendship

Bonenberger, I. B., Adrian. (n.d.). Uncovering the genetics of learning disabilities. Medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2024, from https://medicine.yale.edu/news/yale-medicine-magazine/article/uncovering-the-genetics-of-learning-disabilities

Ducci, F., & Goldman, D. (2012). The Genetic Basis of Addictive Disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 35(2), 495–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2012.03.010

Halpern-Manners, A., Schnabel, L., Hernandez, E. M., Silberg, J. L., & Eaves, L. J. (2016). The Relationship between Education and Mental Health: New Evidence from a Discordant Twin Study. Social Forces, 95(1), 107–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sow035

National Institute of Health. (2015, May 12). Common Genetic Factors Found in 5 Mental Disorders. National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/common-genetic-factors-found-5-mental-disorders#:~:text=Scientists%20have%20long%20recognized%20that

Chapter 4

Hydration

American Academy of Family Physicians. “Hydration for Athletes - Familydoctor.org.” Family Doctor, January 3, 2018. https://familydoctor.org/athletes-the-importance-of-good-hydration/.

Beyond Pesticides Daily News Blog. “Pesticides and Neurotoxicity: The Link between Mood Disorders and Pesticides Exposures,” June 7, 2023. https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2023/06/pesticides-and-neurotoxicity-the-link-between-mood-disorders-and-pesticides-exposures/.

Bondy, Stephen C., and Arezoo Campbell. “Water Quality and Brain Function.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010002.

Cleveland Clinic. “Dehydration.” Accessed August 29, 2023. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/9013-dehydration#diagnosis-and-tests.

Gopu, Banu Preethi, Liane B. Azevedo, Ralph M. Duckworth, Murali K. P. Subramanian, Sherley John, and Fatemeh Vida Zohoori. “The Relationship between Fluoride Exposure and Cognitive Outcomes from Gestation to Adulthood—a Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010022.

Green, Rivka, Bruce Lanphear, Richard Hornung, David Flora, E. Angeles Martinez-Mier, Raichel Neufeld, Pierre Ayotte, Gina Muckle, and Christine Till. “Association between Maternal Fluoride Exposure during Pregnancy and IQ Scores in Offspring in Canada.” JAMA Pediatrics 173, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 940. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1729.

Kilburn, Kaye H. “Effects of Chlorine and Its Cresylate Byproducts on Brain and Lung Performance.” Archives of Environmental Health 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 746–55. https://doi.org/10.3200/AEOH.58.12.746-755.

Mahla, V P, V Trehan, and D K Puri. “Water Intoxication in Depression: A Case Report.” Indian Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 4 (1990): 366–68. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2990856/.

Mayo Clinic. “Edema - Symptoms and Causes.” Mayo Clinic, 2023. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20366493.

———. “Water: How Much Should You Drink Every Day?” Mayo Clinic, October 14, 2020. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/water/art-20044256#:~:text=So%20how%20much%20fluid%20does.

Miller, Myron, and Arnold M. Moses. “Drug-Induced States of Impaired Water Excretion.” Kidney International 10, no. 1 (July 1976): 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1976.81.

Montgomery, Kristen S. “Nutrition Column an Update on Water Needs during Pregnancy and Beyond.” The Journal of Perinatal Education 11, no. 3 (2002): 40–42. https://doi.org/10.1624/105812402X88830.

Multipure. “5 Ways Water Improves Mental and Emotional Health,” July 27, 2023. https://www.multipure.com/purely-social/5-ways-water-improves-mental-and-emotional-health/.

Petersson, Ingemar, Göran Nilsson, Bengt-Göran Hansson, and Thomas Hedner. “Water Intoxication Associated with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Therapy.” Acta Medica Scandinavica 221, no. 2 (April 24, 2009): 221–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1987.tb01272.x.

Ríos-Prego, Mónica, Luis Anibarro, and Paula Sánchez-Sobrino. “Relationship between Thyroid Dysfunction and Body Weight: A Not so Evident Paradigm.” International Journal of General Medicine Volume 12 (August 2019): 299–304. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s206983.

Water Science School. “The Water in You: Water and the Human Body | U.S. Geological Survey.” www.usgs.gov, May 22, 2019. https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-you-water-and-human-body.

www.freedrinkingwater.com. “Water Can Help Heal Internal and External Infections | APEC Water.” Accessed October 28, 2023. https://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water-education3/water-internal-external-infection-page2.htm.

Zelman, Kathleen M. “What Is Too Much Water Intake?” WebMD, April 8, 2021. https://www.webmd.com/diet/what-is-too-much-water-intake.

Sleep

Alfonsi, Valentina, Serena Scarpelli, Aurora D’Atri, Giacomo Stella, and Luigi De Gennaro. “Later School Start Time: The Impact of Sleep on Academic Performance and Health in the Adolescent Population.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 9, 2020): 2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072574.

Ashbrook, Liza H., Andrew D. Krystal, Ying-Hui Fu, and Louis J. Ptáček. “Genetics of the Human Circadian Clock and Sleep Homeostat.” Neuropsychopharmacology 45, no. 1 (August 10, 2019): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0476-7.

Bäcker, Alex. “Evidence against the Defensive Activation Theory of REM Sleep.” SSRN Electronic Journal, March 8, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3765119.

Brown, Emery N., Ralph Lydic, and Nicholas D. Schiff. “General Anesthesia, Sleep, and Coma.” Edited by Robert S. Schwartz. New England Journal of Medicine 363, no. 27 (December 30, 2010): 2638–50. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra0808281.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “How Much Sleep Do I Need? - Sleep and Sleep Disorders.” CDC, September 14, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/how_much_sleep.html .

Cleveland Clinic. “Sleep Basics: Rem, Sleep Stages, & More | Cleveland Clinic.” Cleveland Clinic, December 7, 2020. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/12148-sleep-basics.

———. “Sleeping Pills Information.” Cleveland Clinic, April 27, 2021. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/15308-sleeping-pills.

Dockrill, Peter. “There Are 6 Human Chronotypes, Not Just Morning Larks and Night Owls, Study Says.” ScienceAlert, December 2, 2020. https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-say-there-are-6-human-chronotypes-not-just-morning-people-and-night-owls.

Eagleman, David M., and Don A. Vaughn. “The Defensive Activation Theory: REM Sleep as a Mechanism to Prevent Takeover of the Visual Cortex.” Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (May 21, 2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.632853.

Fredriksson, Peter, and Bjorn Ockert. “Is Early Learning Really More Productive? The Effect of School Starting Age on School and Labor Market Performance.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2005. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.760728.

Hinrichs, Peter. “When the Bell Tolls: The Effects of School Starting Times on Academic Achievement.” Education Finance and Policy 6, no. 4 (October 2011): 486–507. https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00045.

Marx, Robert, Emily E Tanner‐Smith, Colleen M Davison, Lee‐Anne Ufholz, John Freeman, Ravi Shankar, Lisa Newton, et al. “Later School Start Times for Supporting the Education, Health, and Well‐Being of High School Students: A Systematic Review.” Campbell Systematic Reviews 13, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–99. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2017.15.

Medic, Goran, Micheline Wille, and Michiel Hemels. “Short- and Long-Term Health Consequences of Sleep Disruption.” Nature and Science of Sleep 9, no. 9 (May 19, 2017): 151–61. https://doi.org/10.2147/nss.s134864.

Murphy, Patricia J., and Scott S. Campbell. “Nighttime Drop in Body Temperature: A Physiological Trigger for Sleep Onset?” Sleep 20, no. 7 (July 1997): 505–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/20.7.505.

“News: Night Owls Have 10% Higher Mortality... (CNN News) - behind the Headlines - NLM.” National Center for Biotechnology Information. Accessed August 14, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/research-news/3277/#:~:text=Night%20owls%20have%2010%25%20higher%20mortality%20risk%2C%20study%20says&text=According%20to%20a%20new%20study,an%20increased%20risk%20of%20dying.

Paprocki, Jonathan. “Night Owls Face Disadvantages in High School Years.” Sleep Education, November 13, 2013. https://sleepeducation.org/night-owls-face-disadvantages-in-high-school-years/.

Patel, Aakash K, and John F Araujo. “Physiology, Sleep Stages.” Nih.gov. StatPearls Publishing, 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526132/.

Roenneberg, Till, Anna Wirz-Justice, Debra J. Skene, Sonia Ancoli-Israel, Kenneth P. Wright, Derk-Jan Dijk, Phyllis Zee, Michael R. Gorman, Eva C. Winnebeck, and Elizabeth B. Klerman. “Why Should We Abolish Daylight Saving Time?” Journal of Biological Rhythms 34, no. 3 (June 2019): 227–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730419854197.

Rosenberg, Jessica, Ivan I. Maximov, Martina Reske, Farida Grinberg, and N. Jon Shah. “‘Early to Bed, Early to Rise’: Diffusion Tensor Imaging Identifies Chronotype-Specificity.” NeuroImage 84 (January 2014): 428–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.086.

Schur, Carolyn. “Percentage of Night Owls, Early Birds and Intermediates in the General Population.” Alert@Work, November 25, 2016. https://alertatwork.com/percentage-of-night-owls-early-birds-and-intermediates-in-the-general-population/#:~:text=Dr..

Siegel, J. M. “The REM Sleep-Memory Consolidation Hypothesis.” Science 294, no. 5544 (November 2, 2001): 1058–63. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063049.

Tarasiuk, A., N. Berdugo-Boura, A. Troib, and Y. Segev. “Role of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone in Sleep and Growth Impairments Induced by Upper Airway Obstruction in Rats.” European Respiratory Journal 38, no. 4 (March 15, 2011): 870–77. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00197610.

Taylor, Daniel J., and Kristi E. Pruiksma. “Cognitive and Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) in Psychiatric Populations: A Systematic Review.” International Review of Psychiatry 26, no. 2 (April 2014): 205–13. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2014.902808.

Van Dongen, Hans P.A., Greg Maislin, Janet M. Mullington, and David F. Dinges. “The Cumulative Cost of Additional Wakefulness: Dose-Response Effects on Neurobehavioral Functions and Sleep Physiology from Chronic Sleep Restriction and Total Sleep Deprivation.” Sleep 26, no. 2 (March 2003): 117–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.2.117.

Light - Natural & Artificial

Adaikkan, Chinnakkaruppan, Steven J. Middleton, Asaf Marco, Ping-Chieh Pao, Hansruedi Mathys, David Nam-Woo Kim, Fan Gao, et al. “Gamma Entrainment Binds Higher-Order Brain Regions and Offers Neuroprotection.” Neuron 102, no. 5 (June 2019): 929-943.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.011.

Alkozei, Anna, Ryan Smith, Natalie S. Dailey, Sahil Bajaj, and William D. S. Killgore. “Acute Exposure to Blue Wavelength Light during Memory Consolidation Improves Verbal Memory Performance.” PLoS ONE 12, no. 9 (September 18, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184884.

Beaven, C. Martyn, and Johan Ekström. “A Comparison of Blue Light and Caffeine Effects on Cognitive Function and Alertness in Humans.” Edited by Denis Burdakov. PLoS ONE 8, no. 10 (October 7, 2013): e76707. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076707.

Craig, Michael. “Seasonal Affective Disorder: Bring on the Light - Harvard Health Blog.” Harvard Health Blog, December 21, 2012. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/seasonal-affective-disorder-bring-on-the-light-201212215663.

Figueiro, Mariana G., and David Pedler. “Red Light: A Novel, Non-Pharmacological Intervention to Promote Alertness in Shift Workers.” Journal of Safety Research, July 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.06.003.

Hastings, Michael H., Elizabeth S. Maywood, and Marco Brancaccio. “Generation of Circadian Rhythms in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, no. 8 (June 22, 2018): 453–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0026-z.

Huberman, Andrew. “Using Light for Health.” Huberman Lab, January 24, 2023. https://hubermanlab.com/using-light-for-health/.

Lehrl, S., K. Gerstmeyer, J. H. Jacob, H. Frieling, A. W. Henkel, R. Meyrer, J. Wiltfang, J. Kornhuber, and S. Bleich. “Blue Light Improves Cognitive Performance.” Journal of Neural Transmission 114, no. 4 (January 25, 2007): 457–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-006-0621-4.

Lin, Zhenglong, Gangqiang Hou, Youli Yao, Zhifeng Zhou, Feiqi Zhu, Linjing Liu, Lingwu Zeng, Yatao Yang, and Junxian Ma. “40-Hz Blue Light Changes Hippocampal Activation and Functional Connectivity Underlying Recognition Memory.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15 (December 16, 2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.739333.

Mills, Betsy. “How Does Light Exposure Affect Memory? | Cognitive Vitality | Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation.” Cognitive Vitality, 2021. https://www.alzdiscovery.org/cognitive-vitality/blog/how-does-light-exposure-affect-memory#:~:text=Bright%20light%20exposure%20activates%20regions.

MSUToday. “Does Dim Light Make Us Dumber?” Michigan State University, February 5, 2018. https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2018/does-dim-light-make-us-dumber.

Myers, D H, and Peter Davies. “The Seasonal Incidence of Mania and Its Relationship to Climatic Variables.” Psychological Medicine 8, no. 3 (August 1, 1978): 433–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329170001610x.

Myth or Fact: People with Light Eyes are More Sensitive to Sunlight | Duke Health. “Myth or Fact: People with Light Eyes Are More Sensitive to Sunlight | Duke Health.” Duke Health, 2013. https://www.dukehealth.org/blog/myth-or-fact-people-light-eyes-are-more-sensitive-sunlight.

National Geographic. “How Light Wakes up the Brain,” March 13, 2014. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/how-light-wakes-up-the-brain.

Philips. “GoLITE BLU,” n.d. https://www.usa.philips.com/c-p/HF3332_60/golite-blu-energy-light/overview#see-all-benefits.

Plitnick, B., MG Figueiro, B. Wood, and MS Rea. “The Effects of Red and Blue Light on Alertness and Mood at Night.” Lighting Research & Technology 42, no. 4 (March 2, 2010): 449–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153509360887.

Soibam, Benjamin, Rachel L. Goldfeder, Claire Manson-Bishop, Rachel Gamblin, Scott D. Pletcher, Shishir Shah, Gemunu H. Gunaratne, and Gregg W. Roman. “Modeling Drosophila Positional Preferences in Open Field Arenas with Directional Persistence and Wall Attraction.” Edited by Efthimios M. C. Skoulakis. PLoS ONE 7, no. 10 (October 10, 2012): e46570. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046570.

Taillard, Jacques, Aurore Capelli, Patricia Sagaspe, Anna Anund, Torbjorn Akerstedt, and Pierre Philip. “In-Car Nocturnal Blue Light Exposure Improves Motorway Driving: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Edited by Karen L. Gamble. PLoS ONE 7, no. 10 (October 19, 2012): e46750. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046750.

Turek, Fred W., Plamen Penev, Yan Zhang, Olivier van Reeth, and Phyllis Zee. “Effects of Age on the Circadian System.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 19, no. 1 (March 1995): 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(94)00030-5.

Viola, Antoine U, Lynette M James, Luc JM Schlangen, and Derk-Jan Dijk. “Blue-Enriched White Light in the Workplace Improves Self-Reported Alertness, Performance and Sleep Quality.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 34, no. 4 (August 2008): 297–306. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1268.

Wu, Ying-Hui, and Dick F. Swaab. “Disturbance and Strategies for Reactivation of the Circadian Rhythm System in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease.” Sleep Medicine 8, no. 6 (September 2007): 623–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2006.11.010.

Zee, Phyllis C, Richard S Rosenberg, and Fred W Turek. “Effects of Aging on Entrainment and Rate of Resynchronization of Circadian Locomotor Activity.” American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): R1099–1103. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.5.r1099.

Enemies of the Brain

Balboni, E., Filippini, T., Crous-Bou, M., Guxens, M., Erickson, L. D., & Vinceti, M. (2022). The association between air pollutants and hippocampal volume from magnetic resonance imaging: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Research, 204, 111976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111976

Block, M. L., & Calderón-Garcidueñas, L. (2009). Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. Trends in Neurosciences, 32(9), 506–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.009

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020a, January 3). Lead in Paint | Sources of Lead | CDC. Www.cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/prevention/sources/paint.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020b, September 8). Adverse childhood experiences (ACES). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, June 29). Preventing adverse childhood experiences. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html

Chandra, M., Rai, C. B., Kumari, N., Sandhu, V. K., Chandra, K., Krishna, M., Kota, S. H., Anand, K. S., & Oudin, A. (2022). Air Pollution and Cognitive Impairment across the Life Course in Humans: A Systematic Review with Specific Focus on Income Level of Study Area. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031405

Chong, C. P., Shahar, S., Haron, H., & Din, N. C. (2019). Habitual sugar intake and cognitive impairment among multi-ethnic Malaysian older adults. Clinical Interventions in Aging, Volume 14, 1331–1342. https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.s211534

de Prado Bert, P., Mercader, E. M. H., Pujol, J., Sunyer, J., & Mortamais, M. (2018). The Effects of Air Pollution on the Brain: a Review of Studies Interfacing Environmental Epidemiology and Neuroimaging. Current Environmental Health Reports, 5(3), 351–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-018-0209-9

Eating ultra-processed foods tied to cognitive decline. (2023, April 1). Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/eating-ultra-processed-foods-tied-to-cognitive-decline#:~:text=After%20eight%20years%2C%20scientists%20found

Erickson, K. I., Raji, C. A., Lopez, O. L., Becker, J. T., Rosano, C., Newman, A. B., Gach, H. M., Thompson, P. M., Ho, A. J., & Kuller, L. H. (2010). Physical activity predicts gray matter volume in late adulthood: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Neurology, 75(16), 1415–1422. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f88359

Faraco, G., & Iadecola, C. (2013). Hypertension. Hypertension, 62(5), 810–817. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01063

Galler, J. R., Bringas-Vega, M. L., Tang, Q., Rabinowitz, A. G., Musa, K. I., Chai, W. J., Omar, H., Rahman, M. R. A., Hamid, A. I. A., Abdullah, J. M., & Valdés-Sosa, P. (2021). Neurodevelopmental effects of childhood malnutrition: a neuroimaging perspective. NeuroImage, 231, 117828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117828

Gill, L. L. (2021, November 9). Your Herbs and Spices Might Contain Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead. Consumer Reports. https://www.consumerreports.org/health/food-safety/your-herbs-and-spices-might-contain-arsenic-cadmium-and-lead-a6246621494/

Hart, H., & Rubia, K. (2012). Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6(52). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00052

Heavy Metals in Cultural Products. (2023, February 12). US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/children/heavy-metals-cultural-products

Hennecke, E., Lange, D., Steenbergen, F., Fronczek‐Poncelet, J., Elmenhorst, D., Bauer, A., Aeschbach, D., & Elmenhorst, E. (2020). Adverse interaction effects of chronic and acute sleep deficits on spatial working memory but not on verbal working memory or declarative memory. Journal of Sleep Research, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13225

Liu, Y., Croft, J. B., Chapman, D. P., Perry, G. S., Greenlund, K. J., Zhao, G., & Edwards, V. J. (2012). Relationship between adverse childhood experiences and unemployment among adults from five US states. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(3), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0554-1

Maltreated children show same pattern of brain activity as combat soldiers. (2011, December 5). UCL News. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2011/dec/maltreated-children-show-same-pattern-brain-activity-combat-soldiers

Monnat, S. M., & Chandler, R. F. (2015). Long-Term Physical Health Consequences of Adverse Childhood Experiences. The Sociological Quarterly, 56(4), 723–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12107

Nemeroff, Charles B. (2016). Paradise Lost: The Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect. Neuron, 89(5), 892–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.019

Neumann, D., & Lequerica, A. (2019). Cognitive Problems after Traumatic Brain Injury | Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center (MSKTC). Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center. https://msktc.org/tbi/factsheets/Cognitive-Problems-After-Traumatic-Brain-Injury

New study reveals strong connection between heart and brain health. (2023, June 1). UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health. https://sph.unc.edu/sph-news/new-study-reveals-strong-connection-between-heart-and-brain-health/#:~:text=Cardiovascular%20diseases%20serve%20as%20a

Patrícia Rzezak, Squarzoni, P., Fábio L.S. Duran, Tania, Tamashiro-Duran, J. H., Bottino, C., Imanari, R., Lotufo, P. A., Paulo Rossi Menezes, Márcia Scazufca, & Busatto, G. F. (2015). Relationship between Brain Age-Related Reduction in Gray Matter and Educational Attainment. PLOS ONE, 10(10), e0140945–e0140945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140945

Protect Your Family from Sources of Lead. (2013, February 12). US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/lead/protect-your-family-sources-lead

Rabinowitz, A. R., & Levin, H. S. (2014). Cognitive Sequelae of Traumatic Brain Injury. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 37(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2013.11.004

Skurvydas, A., Zlibinaite, L., Solianik, R., Brazaitis, M., Valanciene, D., Baranauskiene, N., Majauskiene, D., Mickeviciene, D., Venckunas, T., & Kamandulis, S. (2020). One night of sleep deprivation impairs executive function but does not affect psychomotor or motor performance. Biology of Sport, 37(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2020.89936

Strategic Prevention Technical Assistance Center. (n.d.). Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Role of Substance Misuse Prevention. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/resourceFiles/sptac-ace-role-of-substance-misuse-prevention.pdf

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). (2024). Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/related_conditions/traumatic-brain-injury#:~:text=If%20a%20head%20injury%20occurs

Trifu, S. C., Trifu, A. C., Aluaş, E., Tătaru, M. A., & Costea, R. V. (2020). Brain changes in depression. Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology, 61(2), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.47162/rjme.61.2.06

Tucker, A. M., Whitney, P., Belenky, G., Hinson, J. M., & Van Dongen, H. P. A. (2010). Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Dissociated Components of Executive Functioning. Sleep, 33(1), 47–57. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802247/

Verweij, I. M., Romeijn, N., Smit, D. J., Piantoni, G., Van Someren, E. J., & van der Werf, Y. D. (2014). Sleep deprivation leads to a loss of functional connectivity in frontal brain regions. BMC Neuroscience, 15(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-15-88

What you eat and drink and your brain. (n.d.). Dementia Australia. https://www.dementia.org.au/sites/default/files/helpsheets/Helpsheet-DementiaQandA07-WhatYouEatAndDrinkAndYourBrain_english.pdf

Zhang, F.-F., Peng, W., Sweeney, J. A., Jia, Z.-Y., & Gong, Q.-Y. (2018). Brain structure alterations in depression: Psychoradiological evidence. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 24(11), 994–1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.12835

Nutrition - Macros & Micros

Avgerinos, Konstantinos I., Nikolaos Spyrou, Konstantinos I. Bougioukas, and Dimitrios Kapogiannis. “Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Cognitive Function of Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Experimental Gerontology 108 (July 2018): 166–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.013.

Fabienne Sandkühler, Xenia Kersting, Annika Faust, Eva Kathrin Königs, George T Altman, Ulrich Ettinger, Silke Lux, Alexandra Philipsen, Helge Müller, and Jan Markus Brauner. “The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Cognitive Performance - a Randomised Controlled Study,” April 6, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.05.23288194.

KC, Krishna Bahadur, Goretty M. Dias, Anastasia Veeramani, Clarence J. Swanton, David Fraser, Dirk Steinke, Elizabeth Lee, et al. “When Too Much Isn’t Enough: Does Current Food Production Meet Global Nutritional Needs?” Edited by Paul C. Struik. PLOS ONE 13, no. 10 (October 23, 2018): e0205683. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205683.

Lieberman, Harris R. Amino Acid and Protein Requirements: Cognitive Performance, Stress, and Brain Function. Www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. National Academies Press (US), 1999. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK224629/.

Pase, Matthew P., Jayandra J. Himali, Paul F. Jacques, Charles DeCarli, Claudia L. Satizabal, Hugo Aparicio, Ramachandran S. Vasan, Alexa S. Beiser, and Sudha Seshadri. “Sugary Beverage Intake and Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease in the Community.” Alzheimer’s & Dementia 13, no. 9 (March 5, 2017): 955–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.01.024.

Popkin, Barry M. “Sugary Beverages Represent a Threat to Global Health.” Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 23, no. 12 (December 2012): 591–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2012.07.003.

Rawson, Eric S, Harris R Lieberman, Talia M Walsh, Sylwia M Zuber, Jaclyn M Harhart, and Tracy C Matthews. “Creatine Supplementation Does Not Improve Cognitive Function in Young Adults.” Physiology & Behavior 95, no. 1-2 (2008): 130–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.05.009.

Witherly, Steven. “Why Humans like Junk Food the inside Story on Why You like Your Favorite Foods, the Cuisine Secrets of Top Chefs, and How to Improve Your Own Cooking without a Recipe!,” n.d. https://jamesclear.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/why-humans-like-junk-food-steven-witherly.pdf.

Social Health

Chou, T., Deckersbach, T., Dougherty, D. D., & Hooley, J. M. (2023). The default mode network and rumination in individuals at risk for depression. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 18(1), nsad032. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsad032

DeAngelis, T. (2023). Young adults are still lonely, but rates of loneliness are dropping overall. American Psychological Assocation. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2023/07/young-adults-lonely-pandemic#:~:text=67%25

Donovan, N. J., & Blazer, D. (2020). Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(12), 1233–1244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005

Five years on, is Britain’s strategy to combat loneliness working? (2023, August 10). The Economist. https://www.economist.com/britain/2023/08/10/five-years-on-is-britains-strategy-to-combat-loneliness-working

Haining, T. K. J. (2020, October 2). Solitude and Serotonin | Opinion | The Harvard Crimson. Www.thecrimson.com. https://www.thecrimson.com/column/arts-and-sciences/article/2020/10/2/haining-solitude-and-serotonin/

Johnson, S. (2023, November 16). WHO declares loneliness a “global public health concern.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/nov/16/who-declares-loneliness-a-global-public-health-concern

Killam, K. (2024). The art and science of connection: Why social health is the missing key to living longer, healthier, and happier. HarperOne.

Killam, K. (n.d.). What is Social Health?. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/social-health/202302/what-is-social-health

Koyama, Y., Nawa, N., Yamaoka, Y., Nishimura, H., Sonoda, S., Kuramochi, J., Miyazaki, Y., & Fujiwara, T. (2021). Interplay between social isolation and loneliness and chronic systemic inflammation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: Results from U-CORONA Study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.007

Lam, J. A., Murray, E. R., Yu, K. E., Ramsey, M., Nguyen, T. T., Mishra, J., Martis, B., Thomas, M. L., & Lee, E. E. (2021). Neurobiology of loneliness: a systematic review. Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01058-7

Mikhail, A. (2023, August 11). We are “50% human and 50% technology,” and it’s fueling an American health crisis. Fortune Well. https://fortune.com/well/2023/08/11/loneliness-study-digital-social-media/

Offord, C. (2020, July 13). How Social Isolation Affects the Brain | Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience | The University of Chicago. Psychiatry.uchicago.edu. https://psychiatry.uchicago.edu/news/how-social-isolation-affects-brain

Rigney, N., de Vries, G. J., Petrulis, A., & Young, L. J. (2022). Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior: From Neural Circuits to Clinical Opportunities. Endocrinology, 163(9). https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqac111

Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., & Micoulaud Franchi, J.-A. (2018). Medical and mental disorder: Proposed definition and criteria. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, Revue Psychiatrique, 176(7), 656–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2018.07.004

Summers, J., Acovino, V., & Intagliata, C. (2023, May 2). America has a loneliness epidemic. Here are 6 steps to address it. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2023/05/02/1173418268/loneliness-connection-mental-health-dementia-surgeon-general

The State of Loneliness 2023. (n.d.). Campaign to End Loneliness. https://www.campaigntoendloneliness.org/wp-content/uploads/The-State-of-Loneliness-2023-ONS-data-on-loneliness-in-Britain.pdf

Van Bogart, K., Engeland, C. G., Sliwinski, M. J., Harrington, K. D., Knight, E. L., Zhaoyang, R., Scott, S. B., & Graham-Engeland, J. E. (2022). The Association Between Loneliness and Inflammation: Findings From an Older Adult Sample. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.801746

Vitale, E. M., & Smith, A. S. (2022). Neurobiology of Loneliness, Isolation, and Loss: Integrating Human and Animal Perspectives. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.846315

Zhang, A. (2022, November 17). How social isolation affects the brain. Drug Discovery News. https://www.drugdiscoverynews.com/how-social-isolation-affects-the-brain-15565#:~:text=Amygdala

Zhou, H.-X., Chen, X., Shen, Y.-Q., Li, L., Chen, N.-X., Zhu, Z.-C., Castellanos, F. X., & Yan, C.-G. (2020). Rumination and the default mode network: Meta-analysis of brain imaging studies and implications for depression. NeuroImage, 206, 116287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116287

Exercise

Alves, A. R., Dias, R., Neiva, H. P., Marinho, D. A., Marques, M. C., Sousa, A. C., Loureiro, V., & Loureiro, N. (2021). High-Intensity Interval Training upon Cognitive and Psychological Outcomes in Youth: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105344

Babiarz, M., Laskowski, R., & Grzywacz, T. (2022). Effects of Strength Training on BDNF in Healthy Young Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 13795. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113795

Erickson, K. I., Leckie, R. L., & Weinstein, A. M. (2014). Physical activity, fitness, and gray matter volume. Neurobiology of Aging, 35(2), S20–S28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.034

Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., Heo, S., Alves, H., White, S. M., Wojcicki, T. R., Mailey, E., Vieira, V. J., Martin, S. A., Pence, B. D., Woods, J. A., McAuley, E., & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 3017–3022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015950108

Exercise can boost your memory and thinking skills. (2018, November 8). Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/exercise-can-boost-your-memory-and-thinking-skills#:~:text=Moderate%2Dintensity%20exercise%20can%20help

Fallik, D. (2019). Aerobic Exercise Improves Executive Function in Adults Aged 20-67. Neurology Today, 19(3), 1. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nt.0000553606.24365.16

Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Schuch, F., Lagopoulos, J., Rosenbaum, S., & Ward, P. B. (2018). Effect of aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. NeuroImage, 166, 230–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.007

Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., Stensel, D. J., Lindley, M. R., Mastana, S. S., & Nimmo, M. A. (2011). The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nature Reviews. Immunology, 11(9), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3041

Godman, H. (2014, April 9). Regular exercise changes the brain to improve memory, thinking skills - Harvard Health Blog. Harvard Health Blog. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/regular-exercise-changes-brain-improve-memory-thinking-skills-201404097110

Godman, H. (2023, February 1). Easy ways to keep inflammation in check. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/easy-ways-to-keep-inflammation-in-check#:~:text=Aerobic%20exercise%20%E2%80%94%20the%20kind%20that

Herold, F., Törpel, A., Schega, L., & Müller, N. G. (2019). Functional and/or structural brain changes in response to resistance exercises and resistance training lead to cognitive improvements – a systematic review. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-019-0217-2

Liu-Ambrose, T. (2010). Resistance Training and Executive Functions. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170(2), 170. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.494

Morava, A., Fagan, M. J., & Prapavessis, H. (2019). Effects of Caffeine and Acute Aerobic Exercise on Working Memory and Caffeine Withdrawal. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56251-y

News, N. (2023, May 13). Exercise and the Brain: The Neuroscience of Fitness Explored. Neuroscience News. https://neurosciencenews.com/fitness-neuroscience-23228/#:~:text=Regular%20physical%20activity%20triggers%20the

Oh, J., Crockett, R. A., Hsu, C.-L., Dao, E., Tam, R., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2023). Resistance Training Maintains White Matter and Physical Function in Older Women with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: An Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease Reports, 7(1), 627–639. https://doi.org/10.3233/ADR-220113

Randolph, D. D., & O’Connor, P. J. (2017). Stair walking is more energizing than low dose caffeine in sleep deprived young women. Physiology & Behavior, 174, 128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.013

Simioni, C., Zauli, G., Martelli, A. M., Vitale, M., Sacchetti, G., Gonelli, A., & Neri, L. M. (2018). Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Oncotarget, 9(24). https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24729

Voss, M. W., Soto, C., Yoo, S., Sodoma, M., Vivar, C., & van Praag, H. (2019). Exercise and Hippocampal Memory Systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(4), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.006

Working out boosts brain health. (2021). American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/exercise-fitness/stress#:~:text=One%20theory%20is%20that%20physical

Zouhal, H., Jacob, C., Delamarche, P., & Gratas-Delamarche, A. (2008). Catecholamines and the effects of exercise, training and gender. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 38(5), 401–423. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838050-00004

Stress - Good or Bad?

A Elnour, A. (2018). The Utilization of Hormonal Interaction during Stress to Get Better Performance. Journal of Pharmacogenomics & Pharmacoproteomics, 09(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0645.1000177

Afshar, H., Roohafza, H. R., Keshteli, A. H., Mazaheri, M., Feizi, A., & Adibi, P. (2015). The association of personality traits and coping styles according to stress level. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences : The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 20(4), 353–358. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4468450/

Eustress - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Science Direct. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/eustress

Haglund, M. E. M., Nestadt, P. S., Cooper, N. S., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2007). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience: Relevance to prevention and treatment of stress-related psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 19(3), 889–920. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579407000430

Wright, K. D., Hickman, R., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2015). Hair Cortisol Analysis: A Promising Biomarker of HPA Activation in Older Adults: Figure 1. The Gerontologist, 55(Suppl 1), S140–S145. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu174

Down-Regulation & Relaxation

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. HarperCollins, 2008.

Ericsson, Anders, and Robert Pool. Peak: Secrets from the new science of expertise. HarperCollins, 2016.

Seligman, Martin. Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment. Simon & Schuster, 2004.

Arnsten, A. F. T. (2009). Stress signaling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 410–422. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2648

Dolgoff-Kaspar, R., Baldwin, A., Scott, Nancy, J., Sethi, G., Gulshan, K., & Sethi. (2012). Effect of Laughter Yoga on Mood and Heart Rate Variability in Patients Awaiting Organ Transplantation: A Pilot Study pilot study. 18(4), 53–58. https://lachyoga-sonne.de/download/lachwissenschaft/Effect%20of%20LY%20on%20Mood%20and%20Heart%20Rate%20Variability%20in%20Patients%20Awaiting%20Organ%20Transplantation.pdf

Farifteh, S., Mohammadi-Aria, A., Kiamanesh, A., & Mofid, B. (2014). The Impact of Laughter Yoga on the Stress of Cancer Patients before Chemotherapy. Iranian Journal of Cancer Prevention, 7(4), 179–183. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4307100/

Garrison, K. A., Zeffiro, T. A., Scheinost, D., Constable, R. T., & Brewer, J. A. (2015). Meditation leads to reduced default mode network activity beyond an active task. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 15(3), 712–720. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-015-0358-3

Hölzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Evans, K. C., Hoge, E. A., Dusek, J. A., Morgan, L., Pitman, R. K., & Lazar, S. W. (2009). Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsp034

Jerath, R., Beveridge, C., & Barnes, V. A. (2019). Self-Regulation of Breathing as an Adjunctive Treatment of Insomnia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9(780). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00780

Kim, S., & Lee, D. (2011). Prefrontal Cortex and Impulsive Decision Making. Biological Psychiatry, 69(12), 1140–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.005

Lyubomirsky, Sonja, Laura King, and Ed Diener. "The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?." Psychological Bulletin 131, no. 6 (2005): 803.

Ma, X., Yue, Z.-Q., Gong, Z.-Q., Zhang, H., Duan, N.-Y., Shi, Y.-T., Wei, G.-X., & Li, Y.-F. (2017). The Effect of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Attention, Negative Affect and Stress in Healthy Adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(874), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874

Macnamara, B. N., Hambrick, D. Z., & Oswald, F. L. (2014). Deliberate Practice and Performance in Music, Games, Sports, Education, and Professions: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Science, 25(8), 1608-1618. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614535810

Relaxation techniques: Try these steps to reduce stress. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/relaxation-technique/art-20045368#:~:text=Progressive%20muscle%20relaxation.

Ressler, K. J. (2010). Amygdala activity, fear, and anxiety: Modulation by stress. Biological Psychiatry, 67(12), 1117–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.027

Simon, R., & EngstrÃ¶m, M. (2015). The default mode network as a biomarker for monitoring the therapeutic effects of meditation. Frontiers in Psychology, 06. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00776

Weinberg, M. K., Hammond, T. G., & Cummins, R. A. (2013). The impact of laughter yoga on subjective well-being: The European Journal of Humour Research, 1(4), 25–34. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=974909

Deliberate Practice & Flow

Bromberg-Martin, E. S., Matsumoto, M., & Hikosaka, O. (2010). Dopamine in Motivational Control: Rewarding, Aversive, and Alerting. Neuron, 68(5), 815–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.022

Deliberate Practice - an overview. (2011). ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/deliberate-practice

Deliberate Practice vs. Flow. (2019, March 14). The Mental Clutch. https://thementalclutch.org/2019/03/14/deliberate-practice-vs-flow/

Peak - Eric Anders Ericksson

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's book "Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience" is a seminal work on the concept of flow.

"Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment" (2002) by Martin Seligman

https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/bul-1316803.pdf Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success?. Psychological bulletin, 131(6), 803–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803

Macnamara, B. N., Hambrick, D. Z., & Oswald, F. L. (2014). Deliberate practice and performance in music, games, sports, education, and professions: a meta-analysis. Psychological science, 25(8), 1608–1618. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614535810

Nature

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/wim-hof-breathing-method#how-to

https://www.npr.org/2023/08/22/1195337204/a-guide-to-forest-bathing

Chapter 5

Social media and gaming

Sherman, L. E., Payton, A. A., Hernandez, L. M., Greenfield, P. M., & Dapretto, M. (2016). The Power of the Like in Adolescence: Effects of Peer Influence on Neural and Behavioral Responses to Social Media. Psychological science, 27(7), 1027–1035. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616645673

https://hbr.org/2017/04/a-new-more-rigorous-study-confirms-the-more-you-use-facebook-the-worse-you-feel

Office of the Surgeon General (OSG). Social Media and Youth Mental Health: The U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory [Internet]. Washington (DC): US Department of Health and Human Services; 2023. Social Media Has Both Positive and Negative Impacts on Children and Adolescents. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594763/

Vaingankar, J. A., van Dam, R. M., Samari, E., Chang, S., Seow, E., Chua, Y. C., Luo, N., Verma, S., & Subramaniam, M. (2022). Social Media-Driven Routes to Positive Mental Health Among Youth: Qualitative Enquiry and Concept Mapping Study. JMIR pediatrics and parenting, 5(1), e32758. https://doi.org/10.2196/32758

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/now-5-bn-people-around-the-world-are-on-social-media-says-new-study/articleshow/102016356.cms?from=mdr

https://www.ign.com/articles/three-billion-people-worldwide-now-play-video-games-new-report-shows

How do you improve your focus and productivity?

Berigan, Hilary, and Nicole Pielage. “A Good Study Break: Effects of Nature versus TV on Attention.” Journal of Undergraduate Research XVI, 2013. https://www.uwlax.edu/globalassets/offices-services/urc/jur-online/pdf/2013/berigan.hilary.psych.pdf.

CDC. “The Effects of Diabetes on the Brain.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, May 21, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes-and-your-brain.html#:~:text=In%20the%20same%20way%20that.

Cornell Health. “Study Breaks & Stress-Busters | Cornell Health.” health.cornell.edu, n.d. https://health.cornell.edu/about/news/study-breaks-stress-busters.

Dillon, Daniel G., and Diego A. Pizzagalli. “Mechanisms of Memory Disruption in Depression.” Trends in Neurosciences 41, no. 3 (March 2018): 137–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2017.12.006.

Fenesi, Barbara, Kristen Lucibello, Joseph A. Kim, and Jennifer J. Heisz. “Sweat so You Don’t Forget: Exercise Breaks during a University Lecture Increase On-Task Attention and Learning.” Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 7, no. 2 (June 2018): 261–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.01.012.

Hasenkamp, Wendy, and Lawrence W Barsalou. “Effects of Meditation Experience on Functional Connectivity of Distributed Brain Networks.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6 (2012): 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00038.

Kozasa, Elisa H., Joana B. Balardin, João Ricardo Sato, Khallil Taverna Chaim, Shirley S. Lacerda, João Radvany, Luiz Eugênio A. M. Mello, and Edson Amaro. “Effects of a 7-Day Meditation Retreat on the Brain Function of Meditators and Non-Meditators during an Attention Task.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12 (June 11, 2018). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00222.

Kozasa, Elisa H., João R. Sato, Shirley S. Lacerda, Maria A.M. Barreiros, João Radvany, Tamara A. Russell, Liana G. Sanches, Luiz E.A.M. Mello, and Edson Amaro. “Meditation Training Increases Brain Efficiency in an Attention Task.” NeuroImage 59, no. 1 (January 2012): 745–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.088.

Leto, Laura, and Mauro Feola. “Cognitive Impairment in Heart Failure Patients.” Journal of Geriatric Cardiology : JGC 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 316–28. https://doi.org/10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2014.04.007.

Morava, Anisa, Matthew James Fagan, and Harry Prapavessis. “Effects of Caffeine and Acute Aerobic Exercise on Working Memory and Caffeine Withdrawal.” Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (December 2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56251-y.

Polish, Jay. “Taking a Break by Looking at Social Media Doesn’t Help Your Mind Reset, a New Study Says.” Bustle, August 27, 2019. https://www.bustle.com/p/taking-a-break-by-looking-at-social-media-doesnt-help-your-mind-reset-a-new-study-says-18682642.

Randolph, Derek D., and Patrick J. O’Connor. “Stair Walking Is More Energizing than Low Dose Caffeine in Sleep Deprived Young Women.” Physiology & Behavior 174 (May 2017): 128–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.013.

Sisti, H. M., A. L. Glass, and T. J. Shors. “Neurogenesis and the Spacing Effect: Learning over Time Enhances Memory and the Survival of New Neurons.” Learning & Memory 14, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 368–75. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.488707.

How do you improve your memory and learning?

Balaram, Pooja, and Jon Kaas. “Current Research on the Organization and Function of the Visual System in Primates.” Eye and Brain 6, no. 1 (September 2014): 1. https://doi.org/10.2147/eb.s64016.

Dube, Blaire, and Naseem Al-Aidroos. “Distinct Prioritization of Visual Working Memory Representations for Search and for Recall.” Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 81, no. 5 (January 14, 2019): 1253–61. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-018-01664-6.

Feng, Kanyin, Xiao Zhao, Jing Liu, Ying Cai, Zhifang Ye, Chuansheng Chen, and Gui Xue. “Spaced Learning Enhances Episodic Memory by Increasing Neural Pattern Similarity across Repetitions.” The Journal of Neuroscience 39, no. 27 (April 29, 2019): 5351–60. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2741-18.2019.

Glenberg, Arthur M., and Thomas Grimes. “Memory and Faces: Pictures Help You Remember Who Said What.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21, no. 3 (March 1995): 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167295213001.

Jatoi, Shazia, Abdul Hafeez, Syeda Urooj Riaz, Aijaz Ali, Muhammad Ishaq Ghauri, Maham Zehra, Jatoi S, et al. “Low Vitamin B12 Levels: An Underestimated Cause of Minimal Cognitive Impairment and Dementia.” Cureus Journal of Medical Science 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2020). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6976.

Karpicke, Jeffrey D., and Althea Bauernschmidt. “Spaced Retrieval: Absolute Spacing Enhances Learning regardless of Relative Spacing.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 37, no. 5 (2011): 1250–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023436.

Kelley, Paul, and Terry Whatson. “Making Long-Term Memories in Minutes: A Spaced Learning Pattern from Memory Research in Education.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00589.

Klier, Cadu, and Luciano Grüdtner Buratto. “Stress and Long-Term Memory Retrieval: A Systematic Review.” Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 42, no. 3 (October 19, 2020): 284–91. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0077.

National Institutes of Health (NIH). “Memories Involve Replay of Neural Firing Patterns,” March 16, 2020. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/memories-involve-replay-neural-firing-patterns.

Tabibian, Behzad, Utkarsh Upadhyay, Abir De, Ali Zarezade, Bernhard Schölkopf, and Manuel Gomez-Rodriguez. “Enhancing Human Learning via Spaced Repetition Optimization.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 10 (January 22, 2019): 3988–93. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815156116.

Tyng, Chai M., Hafeez U. Amin, Mohamad N. M. Saad, and Aamir S. Malik. “The Influences of Emotion on Learning and Memory.” Frontiers in Psychology 8, no. 1454 (August 24, 2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454.

Wein, Harrison. “Sleep on It.” NIH News in Health, May 31, 2017. https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/04/sleep-it#:~:text=If%20you%20haven.

Zhang, Na, Song M. Du, Jian F. Zhang, and Guan S. Ma. “Effects of Dehydration and Rehydration on Cognitive Performance and Mood among Male College Students in Cangzhou, China: A Self-Controlled Trial.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (June 1, 2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111891.

How do you improve your decisions?

Fuster, J. M. (2017, January 1). Chapter 8 - Prefrontal Cortex in Decision-Making: The Perception–Action Cycle (J.-C. Dreher & L. Tremblay, Eds.). ScienceDirect; Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128053089000087#:~:text=Its%20prefrontal%20sector%20contributes%20to

Gore, F., Hernandez, M., Ramakrishnan, C., Crow, A. K., Malenka, R. C., & Deisseroth, K. (2023). Orbitofrontal cortex control of striatum leads economic decision-making. Nature Neuroscience, 26(9), 1566–1574. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01409-1

Stevens, F. L., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2011). Anterior Cingulate Cortex: Unique Role in Cognition and Emotion. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 23(2), 121–125. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.23.2.jnp121

Sudo, R., Nakashima, S. F., Ukezono, M., Takano, Y., & Lauwereyns, J. (2021). The Role of Temperature in Moral Decision-Making: Limited Reproducibility. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.681527

The amygdala: A small part of your brain’s biggest abilities. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24894-amygdala#:~:text=Your%20amygdala%20is%20a%20small%2C%20almond%2Dshaped%20structure%20inside%20of

Wallis, J. D. (2007). Orbitofrontal Cortex and Its Contribution to Decision-Making. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30(1), 31–56. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094334

Zenger, J., & Folkman, J. (2015, September 23). 9 Habits That Lead to Terrible Decisions. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2014/09/9-habits-that-lead-to-terrible-decisions

Boosting your creativity

Connolly, Terry, Robert L. Routhieaux, and Sherry K. Schneider. “On the Effectiveness of Group Brainstorming.” Small Group Research 24, no. 4 (November 1993): 490–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496493244004.

Henriksen, Danah, Carmen Richardson, and Kyle Shack. “Mindfulness and Creativity: Implications for Thinking and Learning.” Thinking Skills and Creativity 37, no. 37 (September 2020): 100689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100689.

IEEE Xplore. “Improving Group Creativity: Brainstorming versus Non-Brainstorming Techniques in a GSS Environment,” n.d. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/926248/.

Kleibeuker, Sietske W., P. Cédric M.P. Koolschijn, Dietsje D. Jolles, Margot A. Schel, Carsten K.W. De Dreu, and Eveline A. Crone. “Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in Creative Problem Solving in Middle Adolescence and Adulthood.” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 5 (July 2013): 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.03.003.

Matsumoto, Karin, Chong Chen, Kosuke Hagiwara, Natsumi Shimizu, Masako Hirotsu, Yusuke Oda, Huijie Lei, et al. “The Effect of Brief Stair-Climbing on Divergent and Convergent Thinking.” Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 15 (January 28, 2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.834097.

Peña, Javier, Agurne Sampedro, Naroa Ibarretxe-Bilbao, Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza, Aralar Aizpurua, and Natalia Ojeda. “The Effect of Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (TRNS) over Bilateral Posterior Parietal Cortex on Divergent and Convergent Thinking.” Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (September 23, 2020): 15559. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72532-3.

Schootstra, Emma, Dirk Deichmann, and Evgenia Dolgova. “Can 10 Minutes of Meditation Make You More Creative?” Harvard Business Review, August 29, 2017. https://hbr.org/2017/08/can-10-minutes-of-meditation-make-you-more-creative.

Souza, Leonardo C. de, Henrique C. GuimarÃ£es, AntÃ´nio L. Teixeira, Paulo Caramelli, Richard Levy, Bruno Dubois, and Emmanuelle Volle. “Frontal Lobe Neurology and the Creative Mind.” Frontiers in Psychology 5 (July 23, 2014). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00761.

Vries, Kay de. “Enhancing Creativity to Improve Palliative Care: The Role of an Experiential Self-Care Workshop.” International Journal of Palliative Nursing 7, no. 10 (October 2001): 505–11. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijpn.2001.7.10.9910.

Zhan, Zehui, Luyao He, and Xuanyan Zhong. “How Does Problem-Solving Pedagogy Affect Creativity? A Meta-Analysis of Empirical Studies.” Frontiers in Psychology 15 (February 15, 2024). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1287082.

Zhang, Weitao, Zsuzsika Sjoerds, and Bernhard Hommel. “Metacontrol of Human Creativity: The Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Convergent and Divergent Thinking.” NeuroImage 210, no. 116572 (April 2020): 116572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116572.

Zhou, Jing, Xiaoye May Wang, Lynda Jiwen Song, and Junfeng Wu. “Is It New? Personal and Contextual Influences on Perceptions of Novelty and Creativity.” Journal of Applied Psychology 102, no. 2 (2017): 180–202. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000166.

Drugs and the brain

American Lung Association. “Nicotine,” n.d. https://www.lung.org/quit-smoking/smoking-facts/health-effects/nicotine#:~:text=Nicotine%20is%20the%20addictive%20drug.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Mental Health | Health Effects | Marijuana,” September 8, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/health-effects/mental-health.html#:~:text=People%20who%20use%20marijuana%20are.

Chayasirisobhon, Sirichai. “Mechanisms of Action and Pharmacokinetics of Cannabis.” The Permanente Journal 24, no. 5 (November 30, 2020). https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/19.200.

Ducci, Francesca, and David Goldman. “The Genetic Basis of Addictive Disorders.” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 35, no. 2 (June 2012): 495–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2012.03.010.

Enoch, Mary-Anne. “The Role of GABAA Receptors in the Development of Alcoholism.” Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 90, no. 1 (July 1, 2008): 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2008.03.007.

Hill, Kevin, and Michael Hsu. “Cognitive Effects in Midlife of Long-Term Cannabis Use.” Harvard Health, June 14, 2022. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cognitive-effects-of-long-term-cannabis-use-in-midlife-202206142760.

“Marijuana/Cannabis.” Department of Justice/Drug Enforcement Administration, April 2020. https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Marijuana-Cannabis-2020_0.pdf.

Mennis, Jeremy, Gerald Stahler, and Michael Mason. “Risky Substance Use Environments and Addiction: A New Frontier for Environmental Justice Research.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 6 (June 18, 2016): 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13060607.

National Institutes on Drug Abuse. Common Comorbidities with Substance Use Disorders Research Report. PubMed. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes on Drug Abuse (US), 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571451/.

Ribeiro, Joaquim A, and Ana M Sebastião. “Caffeine and Adenosine.” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease : JAD 20 Suppl 1, no. 20 (2010): S3-15. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-1379.

Winters, Ken C, and Amelia Arria. “Adolescent Brain Development and Drugs.” The Prevention Researcher 18, no. 2 (2011): 21–24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399589/.

Mythbusting & Q&A

10 Benefits of Education That Will Surprise You. (2019, December 24). University of the People. https://www.uopeople.edu/blog/benefits-of-education-are-societal-and-personal/

Antoniou, M. (2019). The Advantages of Bilingualism Debate. Annual Review of Linguistics, 5(1), 395–415. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011820

Arenaza-Urquijo, E. M., Landeau, B., La Joie, R., Mevel, K., Mézenge, F., Perrotin, A., Desgranges, B., Bartrés-Faz, D., Eustache, F., & Chételat, G. (2013). Relationships between years of education and gray matter volume, metabolism and functional connectivity in healthy elders. NeuroImage, 83, 450–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.053

Bialystok, E. (2017). The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience. Psychological Bulletin, 143(3), 233–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000099

Coronavirus and the Nervous System. (n.d.). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/current-research/coronavirus-and-ninds/coronavirus-and-nervous-system#:~:text=In%20some%20people%2C%20response%20to

Del Maschio, N., Sulpizio, S., Gallo, F., Fedeli, D., Weekes, B. S., & Abutalebi, J. (2018). Neuroplasticity across the lifespan and aging effects in bilinguals and monolinguals. Brain and Cognition, 125, 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2018.06.007

FAQ: Raising Bilingual Children. (n.d.). Linguistic Society of America. https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/faq-raising-bilingual-children#:~:text=Some%20researchers%20thought%20that%20early

Kang, D. W., Wang, S.-M., Na, H.-R., Kim, N.-Y., Lim, H. K., & Lee, C. U. (2021). Differential Impact of Education on Gray Matter Volume According to Sex in Cognitively Normal Older Adults: Whole Brain Surface-Based Morphometry. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644148

Kim, S., Jeon, S. G., Nam, Y., Kim, H. soo, Yoo, D.-H., & Moon, M. (2019). Bilingualism for Dementia: Neurological Mechanisms Associated With Functional and Structural Changes in the Brain. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.01224

Li, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., & Li, H. (2023). Cognitive impairment after long COVID-19: current evidence and perspectives. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1239182. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1239182

Lövdén, M., Pagin, A., Bartrés-Faz, D., Boraxbekk, C.-J., Brandmaier, A. M., Demnitz, N., Drevon, C. A., Ebmeier, K. P., Fjell, A. M., Ghisletta, P., Gorbach, T., Lindenberger, U., Plachti, A., Walhovd, K. B., & Nyberg, L. (2023). No moderating influence of education on the association between changes in hippocampus volume and memory performance in aging. Aging Brain, 4, 100082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100082

MGH News and Public Affairs. (2022, March 1). Does nerve damage contribute to long COVID symptoms? Harvard Gazette. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/03/does-nerve-damage-contribute-to-long-covid-symptoms/

Noble, K. G., Grieve, S. M., Korgaonkar, M. S., Engelhardt, L. E., Griffith, E. Y., Williams, L. M., & Brickman, A. M. (2012). Hippocampal volume varies with educational attainment across the life-span. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 307. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00307

O’Shea, D. M., Langer, K., Woods, A. J., Porges, E. C., Williamson, J. B., O’Shea, A., & Cohen, R. A. (2018). Educational Attainment Moderates the Association Between Hippocampal Volumes and Memory Performances in Healthy Older Adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00361

Puranam Revanth Kumar, B Shilpa, & Rajesh Kumar Jha. (2023). Brain disorders: Impact of mild SARS-CoV-2 may shrink several parts of the brain. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 149, 105150–105150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105150

Rothstein, T. L. (2023). Cortical Grey matter volume depletion links to neurological sequelae in post COVID-19 “long haulers.” BMC Neurology, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-023-03049-1

Solomon, B. C., Nikolaev, B. N., & Shepherd, D. A. (2021). Does Educational Attainment Promote Job Satisfaction? The Bittersweet Trade-offs Between Job Resources, Demands, and Stress. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/apl-apl0000904.pdf

Stocco, A., Yamasaki, B., Natalenko, R., & Prat, C. S. (2012). Bilingual brain training: A neurobiological framework of how bilingual experience improves executive function. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(1), 67–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006912456617

Transhumanism - an overview. (n.d.). ScienceDirect Topics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/transhumanism#:~:text=Transhumanism%20is%20the%20position%20that

Ware, A. T., Kirkovski, M., & Lum, J. A. G. (2020). Meta-Analysis Reveals a Bilingual Advantage That Is Dependent on Task and Age. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01458

What research exists on the value/benefits of bilingualism in intellectual development? (2019, November 1). Ies.ed.gov. https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/rel/Products/Region/pacific/Ask-A-REL/70050

Won, C. (2023, January 17). The Risks of Even Mild COVID-19: 1 in 4 Showing Cognitive Deficits After Mild Case, Brazilian Study Finds. Www.brainfacts.org. https://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-and-disorders/covid-19/2023/the-risks-of-even-mild-covid19-1-in-4-showing-cognitive-deficits-011723#:~:text=Researchers%20found%201%20in%204

Yang, E. (2017). Bilinguals’ Working Memory (WM) Advantage and Their Dual Language Practices. Brain Sciences, 7(12), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7070086

Chapter 6

Headaches

Cleveland Clinic. “Headaches: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment.” Cleveland Clinic, 2020. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9639-headaches.

Hopkins Medicine. “Cluster Headaches,” n.d. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/headache/cluster-headaches.

Mayo Clinic. “Medication Overuse Headaches - Symptoms and Causes,” n.d. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/medication-overuse-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20377083#:~:text=Overview.

Mayo Clinic. “Migraine - Symptoms and Causes,” July 2, 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201#:~:text=A%20migraine%20is%20a%20headache.

Moy, Gregory, and Vikas Gupta. “Menstrual Related Headache.” PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557451/#:~:text=Menstrual%2Drelated%20headaches%20(MRH).

Sharav, Yair, and Rafael Benoliel. “Neurogenic Inflammation - an Overview.” www.sciencedirect.com, 2008. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/neurogenic-inflammation#:~:text=Neuropeptide%20release%20will%20further%20activate.

United Kingdom National Health Service. “10 Headache Triggers.” NHS UK, April 9, 2018. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/headaches/10-headache-triggers/.

Mood & Attention Trouble

Brewer, Jud. “Are You Stuck in the Anxiety-Distraction Feedback Loop?” Harvard Business Review, May 19, 2020. https://hbr.org/2020/05/are-you-stuck-in-the-anxiety-distraction-feedback-loop.

Chodavadia, Parth, Irene Teo, Daniel Poremski, Daniel Shuen Sheng Fung, and Eric Andrew Finkelstein. “Prevalence and Economic Burden of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among Singaporean Adults: Results from a 2022 Web Panel.” BMC Psychiatry 23, no. 1 (February 14, 2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04581-7.

Cunff, Anne-Laure Le. “How Stress and Anxiety Impact Your Ability to Focus.” Ness Labs, June 12, 2019. https://nesslabs.com/stress-anxiety-impact-focus#:~:text=While%20it%20is%20possible%20to.

Fields, Lisa. “Common Causes of Mood Swings.” Edited by Jabeen Begum. WebMD, August 28, 2023. https://www.webmd.com/balance/ss/slideshow-mood-swings-cause.

Folk, Jim. “Easily Distracted Anxiety Symptoms.” Edited by Marilyn Folk. Anxiety Centre, May 18, 2021. https://www.anxietycentre.com/anxiety-disorders/symptoms/easily-distracted/#:~:text=Being%20easily%20distracted%20is%20a.

Mayo Clinic. “Mood Disorders - Symptoms and Causes.” Mayo Clinic, October 29, 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057.

Office for National Statistics. “Cost of Living and Depression in Adults, Great Britain - Office for National Statistics.” www.ons.gov.uk, December 6, 2022. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/mentalhealth/articles/costoflivinganddepressioninadultsgreatbritain/29septemberto23october2022#:~:text=1.-.

Science Direct. “Distractibility - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics,” n.d. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/distractibility#:~:text=Attention%2Ddeficit%20hyperactivity%20disorder%20.

World Health Organization. “Depression.” World Health Organization. World Health Organization: WHO, 2019. https://www.who.int/health-topics/depression#tab=tab_1.

Brain Fog, Mental Overload, and Fatigue

Ajmera, R. (2022, June 13). Can Not Enough Nutrients Cause Brain Fog? (S. Sampson, Ed.). Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/can-not-enough-nutrients-cause-brain-fog#:~:text=Can%20undereating%20lead%20to%20brain

American Kidney Fund. (2022, January 13). Mental health and kidney disease | American Kidney Fund. Www.kidneyfund.org. https://www.kidneyfund.org/living-kidney-disease/mental-health-and-kidney-disease

Attention Deficit Disorder Association. (2023, April 6). ADHD & Sensory Overload: Managing Overstimulation. https://add.org/sensory-overload-adhd/

Campos, M. (2020, January 30). Food allergy, intolerance, or sensitivity: What’s the difference, and why does it matter? Harvard Health Blog. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/food-allergy-intolerance-or-sensitivity-whats-the-difference-and-why-does-it-matter-2020013018736

Fatigue and autoimmune disease. (2022, October 14). Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/fatigue-and-autoimmune-disease

Frysh, P. (2023, August 28). Reasons You May Have Brain Fog (Z. Sheikh, Ed.). WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/brain/ss/slideshow-brain-fog

Galvez-Sánchez, C. M., Duschek, S., & Reyes del Paso, G. A. (2019). Psychological impact of fibromyalgia: current perspectives. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, Volume 12(12), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s178240

Gavelin, H. M., Neely, A. S., Dunås, T., Eskilsson, T., Järvholm, L. S., & Boraxbekk, C.-J. (2020). Mental fatigue in stress-related exhaustion disorder: Structural brain correlates, clinical characteristics and relations with cognitive functioning. NeuroImage: Clinical, 27, 102337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102337

Johansson, B., Holmberg, M., Skau, S., Malmgren, H., & Nyström , H. F. (2023). The relationship between mental fatigue, depression and cognition in Graves’ disease. European Thyroid Journal, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1530/etj-23-0040

Kalra, S., & Sahay, R. (2018). Diabetes Fatigue Syndrome. Diabetes Therapy, 9(4), 1421–1429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-018-0453-x

Mathews, J. (n.d.). Brain Fog. Palmetto Endocrinology. https://www.palmettoendocrinology.org/blog/brain-fog#:~:text=When%20your%20hormones%20are%20out

Migraine, Brain Fog and Memory Loss: How They Affect You. (2022, April 21). American Migraine Foundation. https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/migraine-brain-fog/#:~:text=It

Mind. (2022, March). Signs and Symptoms of Stress. Mind. https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/stress/signs-and-symptoms-of-stress/

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | CDC. (2022, April 12). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/index.html#:~:text=Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis%2Fchronic%20fatigue%20syndrome%20(ME%2FCFS)%20is

Ocon, A. J. (2013). Caught in the thickness of brain fog: exploring the cognitive symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Frontiers in Physiology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00063

Qi, P., Ru, H., Gao, L., Zhang, X., Zhou, T., Tian, Y., Thakor, N., Bezerianos, A., Li, J., & Sun, Y. (2019). Neural Mechanisms of Mental Fatigue Revisited: New Insights from the Brain Connectome. Engineering, 5(2), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2018.11.025

Ressler, K. J. (2010). Amygdala activity, fear, and anxiety: Modulation by stress. Biological Psychiatry, 67(12), 1117–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.027

Santos-Longhurst, A., & Raypole, C. (2018, October 26). How to Treat and Prevent Mental Exhaustion (K. Gepp, Ed.). Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-exhaustion

Schimming, C. (2022, March 18). Cognitive overload: Info paralysis. Mayo Clinic Health System. https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/cognitive-overload

Services, B. D. M. (n.d.). Brain Fog: Solutions to Help You Improve Concentration. Bangkok Hospital. https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/content/brain-fog-syndrome

Signs and Symptoms. (2018, April 11). Lyme Disease. https://www.columbia-lyme.org/signs-and-symptoms#:~:text=%22Brain%20fog%22%20is%20a%20common

Solan, M. (2023, May 22). Sneezy and dopey? Seasonal allergies and your brain. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/sneezy-emandem-dopey-seasonal-allergies-and-your-brain-202305222937

Swain, M. G. (2006). Fatigue in liver disease: Pathophysiology and clinical management. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, 20(3), 181–188. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2582971/

Targum, S. D., & Fava, M. (2011). Fatigue as a residual symptom of depression. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 8(10), 40–43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3225130/#:~:text=The%20cognitive%20symptoms%20include%20decreased

Villines, Z. (2023a, February 10). Anxiety and brain fog: Symptoms, causes, and treatment (Y. Safai, Ed.). Www.medicalnewstoday.com. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anxiety-and-brain-fog#:~:text=Anxiety%20brain%20fog%20happens%20when

Villines, Z. (2023b, September 4). Can ADHD make you tired? (K. Kubala, Ed.). Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-adhd-make-you-tired#:~:text=Anecdotal%20evidence%20from%20adults%20sharing

Wendt, T. (2022, September 1). Amygdala: What to Know. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/brain/amygdala-what-to-know#:~:text=The%20amygdala%20determines%20how%20we

Why Brain Overload Happens. (n.d.). Lesley University. https://lesley.edu/article/why-brain-overload-happens

Yamato, M., & Kataoka, Y. (2015). Fatigue sensation following peripheral viral infection is triggered by neuroinflammation: who will answer these questions? Neural Regeneration Research, 10(2), 203–204. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.152369

Almén, Niclas. “A Cognitive Behavioral Model Proposing That Clinical Burnout May Maintain Itself.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (January 1, 2021): 3446. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073446.

Bagheri, T., M.J. Fatemi, H. Payandan, A. Skandari, and M. Momeni. “The Effects of Stress-Coping Strategies and Group Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Nurse Burnout.” Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters 32, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 184–89. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155410/.

Bargellini, A. “Relation between Immune Variables and Burnout in a Sample of Physicians.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 57, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 453–57. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.57.7.453.

Christina, Fidan Turk, Jennifer Sweetman, Kamlesh Khunti, Mark Gabbay, Jessie Shepherd, Hugh Montgomery, et al. “Prevalence of Mental Health Conditions and Brain Fog in People with Long COVID: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” General Hospital Psychiatry, February 1, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.02.009.

Cleveland Clinic. “Strategies for Busting up Brain Fog,” n.d. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/brain-fog.

Danhof-Pont, Marie Bernardine, Tineke van Veen, and Frans G. Zitman. “Biomarkers in Burnout: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 70, no. 6 (June 2011): 505–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.10.012.

Elder, Charles. “Effect of Transcendental Meditation on Employee Stress, Depression, and Burnout: A Randomized Controlled Study.” The Permanente Journal 18, no. 1 (March 14, 2014): 19–23. https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/13-102.

Esquivel, Monica Kazlausky. “Nutrition Strategies for Reducing Risk of Burnout among Physicians and Health Care Professionals.” American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 15, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 155982762097653. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827620976538.

Evans, Sherrill, Peter Huxley, Claire Gately, Martin Webber, Alex Mears, Sarah Pajak, Jibby Medina, Tim Kendall, and Cornelius Katona. “Mental Health, Burnout and Job Satisfaction among Mental Health Social Workers in England and Wales.” British Journal of Psychiatry 188, no. 1 (January 2006): 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.188.1.75.

Hu, Kun, Zhiqiang Dong, and Khongyueng Wah. “Relationship between Psychological Health, Time Management and Burnout of Financial Enterprise Managers.” Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24205/03276716.2020.91.

Kakiashvili, Tamar, Jerzy Leszek, and Krzysztof Rutkowski. “The Medical Perspective on Burnout.” International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 26, no. 3 (January 1, 2013). https://doi.org/10.2478/s13382-013-0093-3.

Levin, Stephanie Weinberg, and Theresa B Gattari. “Iron Deficiency in Psychiatric Patients.” Current Psychiatry 22, no. 3 (March 2023). https://doi.org/10.12788/cp.0337.

Ochentel, Oliver, Crystal Humphrey, and Klaus Pfeifer. “Efficacy of Exercise Therapy in Persons with Burnout. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Sports Science & Medicine 17, no. 3 (August 14, 2018): 475–84. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090391/.

Soares, J. J. F., G. Grossi, and Ö. Sundin. “Burnout among Women: Associations with Demographic/Socio-Economic, Work, Life-Style and Health Factors.” Archives of Women’s Mental Health 10, no. 2 (March 15, 2007): 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-007-0170-3.

Söderström, Marie, Kerstin Jeding, Mirjam Ekstedt, Aleksander Perski, and Torbjörn Åkerstedt. “Insufficient Sleep Predicts Clinical Burnout.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 17, no. 2 (2012): 175–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027518.

Toker, Sharon, Arie Shirom, Itzhak Shapira, Shlomo Berliner, and Samuel Melamed. “The Association between Burnout, Depression, Anxiety, and Inflammation Biomarkers: C-Reactive Protein and Fibrinogen in Men and Women.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 10, no. 4 (2005): 344–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.4.344.

Vella, Elizabeth, and Shane McIver. “Reducing Stress and Burnout in the Public‐Sector Work Environment: A Mindfulness Meditation Pilot Study.” Health Promotion Journal of Australia 30, no. 2 (September 19, 2018): 219–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.192.

Overthinking, Worry, & Intrusive Thoughts

Addis, D. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2012). The Hippocampus and Imagining the Future: Where Do We Stand? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2011.00173

Arnsten, A., Mazure, C. M., & Sinha, R. (2012). Neural circuits responsible for conscious self-control are highly vulnerable to even mild stress. When they shut down, primal impulses go unchecked and mental paralysis sets in. Scientific American, 306(4), 48–53. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4774859/

Bilodeau, K. (2021a, October 1). Managing intrusive thoughts. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/managing-intrusive-thoughts#:~:text=Intrusive%20thoughts%20are%20often%20triggered

Bilodeau, K. (2021b, October 1). Managing intrusive thoughts. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/managing-intrusive-thoughts

Holland, K. (2019, February). Intrusive Thoughts: Why We Have Them and How to Stop Them. Healthline; Healthline Media. https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/intrusive-thoughts

Kenwood, M. M., Kalin, N. H., & Barbas, H. (2021). The prefrontal cortex, pathological anxiety, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 47(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01109-z

Pojas, J. (n.d.). Five Daily Lifestyle Changes to Manage Intrusive Thoughts. Made of Millions Foundation. Retrieved November 29, 2023, from https://www.madeofmillions.com/articles/five-daily-lifestyle-changes-manage-intrusive-thoughts#:~:text=Be%20physically%20healthy.&text=Exercising%20also%20helps%20with%20getting

Simon, D., Adler, N., Kaufmann, C., & Kathmann, N. (2014). Amygdala hyperactivation during symptom provocation in obsessive–compulsive disorder and its modulation by distraction. NeuroImage: Clinical, 4, 549–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2014.03.011

Changes in Memory or Learning

Bettcher, B. M., Wilheim, R., Rigby, T., Green, R., Miller, J. W., Racine, C. A., Yaffe, K., Miller, B. L., & Kramer, J. H. (2012). C-reactive protein is related to memory and medial temporal brain volume in older adults. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26(1), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.240

Cacciatore, M., Grasso, E. A., Tripodi, R., & Chiarelli, F. (2022). Impact of glucose metabolism on the developing brain. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1047545

Fields, R. D. (2011). Imaging Learning: The Search for a Memory Trace. The Neuroscientist, 17(2), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858410383696

Gene expression signatures of Alzheimer’s disease. (2019, May 28). National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/gene-expression-signatures-alzheimers-disease

Mayer, G., Nitsch, R., & Hoyer, S. (1990). Effects of changes in peripheral and cerebral glucose metabolism on locomotor activity, learning and memory in adult male rats. Brain Research, 532(1-2), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)91747-5

McCaddon, A. (2006). Homocysteine and cognitive impairment; a case series in a General Practice setting. Nutrition Journal, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-5-6

Miranda, M., Morici, J. F., Zanoni, M. B., & Bekinschtein, P. (2019). Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Key Molecule for Memory in the Healthy and the Pathological Brain. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 13(363). https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00363

O’Brien, R. J., & Wong, P. C. (2011). Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing and Alzheimer’s Disease. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 34(1), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113613

Zhu, W., Wu, F., Li, J., Meng, L., Zhang, W., Zhang, H., Cha, S., Zhang, J., & Guo, G. (2022). Impaired learning and memory generated by hyperthyroidism is rescued by restoration of AMPA and NMDA receptors function. Neurobiology of Disease, 171, 105807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105807

Changes in Behavior or Motivation

Carpenter, Siri. “Cognition Is Central to Drug Addiction.” American Psychological Association, June 2001. https://www.apa.org/monitor/jun01/cogcentral.html.

Cleveland Clinic. “Mononucleosis (Mono) | Cleveland Clinic.” Cleveland Clinic, 2015. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13974-mononucleosis.

Cleveland Clinic. “Mood Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Treatment,” n.d. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders#:~:text=Mood%20disorders%20typically%20have%20symptoms.

Marvel, Cherie L, and Sergio Paradiso. “Cognitive and Neurological Impairment in Mood Disorders.” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 27, no. 1 (March 2004): 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(03)00106-0.

Mayo Clinic. “Mood Disorders - Symptoms and Causes.” Mayo Clinic, 2023. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057#:~:text=Overview.

Michael Dansinger. “Slideshow: Thyroid Symptoms and Solutions.” WebMD, January 28, 2023. https://www.webmd.com/women/ss/slideshow-thyroid-symptoms-and-solutions.

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health UK. “Social Anxiety Disorder.” NIH. British Psychological Society, 2013. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK327674/.

National Institute of Mental Health. “Depression.” National Institute of Mental Health, September 2023. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression.

National Institute on Aging. “Cognitive Health and Older Adults,” n.d. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/cognitive-health-and-older-adults#:~:text=Dementia%20is%20the%20loss%20of.

NHS UK. “Symptoms - Schizophrenia,” February 12, 2021. https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms/#:~:text=Drastic%20changes%20in%20behaviour%20may.

Robinson, Oliver J., Katherine Vytal, Brian R. Cornwell, and Christian Grillon. “The Impact of Anxiety upon Cognition: Perspectives from Human Threat of Shock Studies.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7, no. 203 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00203.

Chapter 7

Brain Health and Trends Overview

AHRQ PSNet Annual Perspective: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patient Safety. (2021). Psnet.ahrq.gov. https://psnet.ahrq.gov/perspective/ahrq-psnet-annual-perspective-impact-covid-19-pandemic-patient-safety

Campaign to End Loneliness. (2023). Facts and Statistics. Campaign to End Loneliness. https://www.campaigntoendloneliness.org/facts-and-statistics/

Dickler, J. (2021, March 30). Virtual school resulted in “significant” academic learning loss, study finds. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/30/learning-loss-from-virtual-school-due-to-covid-is-significant-.html

Engzell, P., Frey, A., & Verhagen, M. D. (2021). Learning Loss Due to School Closures During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(17). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022376118

Filip, R., Gheorghita Puscaselu, R., Anchidin-Norocel, L., Dimian, M., & Savage, W. K. (2022). Global Challenges to Public Health Care Systems during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Review of Pandemic Measures and Problems. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(8), 1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12081295

Keller, F. M., Derksen, C., Kötting, L., Dahmen, A., & Lippke, S. (2022). Distress, loneliness, and mental health during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Test of the extension of the Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12352

Lee, C. M., Cadigan, J. M., & Rhew, I. C. (2020). Increases in Loneliness Among Young Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Association With Increases in Mental Health Problems. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(5), 714–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.009

Lee, D. (2021, August 18). Women put careers on hold during COVID to care for kids. They may never recover. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-08-18/pandemic-pushes-moms-to-scale-back-or-quit-their-careers

Mental health in developed vs developing countries. (2021, October 28). Jacinto Convit World Organization. https://www.jacintoconvit.org/social-science-series-5-mental-health-in-developed-vs-developing-countries/#:~:text=Mental%20healthcare%20is%2050%20times

National Center for Education Statistics. (2022, July 6). More than 80 percent of U.S. public schools report pandemic has negatively impacted student behavior and socio-emotional development - july 6, 2022. Nces.ed.gov. https://nces.ed.gov/whatsnew/press_releases/07_06_2022.asp

Nealon, M. (2021, October 9). The Pandemic Accelerant: How COVID-19 Advanced Our Mental Health Priorities. United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/un-chronicle/pandemic-accelerant-how-covid-19-advanced-our-mental-health-priorities

New Surgeon General Advisory Raises Alarm about the Devastating Impact of the Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation in the United States. (2023, May 3). US Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2023/05/03/new-surgeon-general-advisory-raises-alarm-about-devastating-impact-epidemic-loneliness-isolation-united-states.html

Pietrabissa, G., & Simpson, S. G. (2020). Psychological Consequences of Social Isolation During COVID-19 Outbreak. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02201

Prevention. (2023). Www.who.int. https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/treatment-care/mental-health-gap-action-programme

Shin, C.-K., An, Y., & Oh, S. (2023). Reduced in-person learning in COVID-19 widens student achievement gaps in schools. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-023-09862-0

Social Isolation and Loneliness. (2021). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/demographic-change-and-healthy-ageing/social-isolation-and-loneliness

Test scores dropped to lowest levels in decades during pandemic, according to nationwide exam. (2022, October 24). NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/test-scores-dropped-lowest-levels-decades-pandemic-according-nationwid-rcna53659

The Cigna Group. (n.d.). The Loneliness Epidemic Persists: A Post-Pandemic Look at the State of Loneliness among U.S. Adults. The Cigna Group Newsroom. https://newsroom.thecignagroup.com/loneliness-epidemic-persists-post-pandemic-look

Van Ongevalle, J. (2021, July 23). The pandemic has made mental wellness a public health must. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/pandemic-mental-health-wellness-self-care/

Walsh, C. (2021, February 17). Young adults hardest hit by loneliness during pandemic, study finds. Harvard Gazette; Harvard University. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/02/young-adults-teens-loneliness-mental-health-coronavirus-covid-pandemic/

Weissbourd, R., Batanova, M., Lovison, V., & Torres, E. (2021, February). Loneliness in America: How the Pandemic Has Deepened an Epidemic of Loneliness and What We Can Do About It. Making Caring Common. https://mcc.gse.harvard.edu/reports/loneliness-in-america

Addiction

Enoch, M.-A. (2008). The Role of GABAA Receptors in the Development of Alcoholism. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 90(1), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2008.03.007

Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2011). Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(11), 652–669. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3119

Kalivas, P. W., LaLumiere, R. T., Knackstedt, L., & Shen, H. (2009). Glutamate transmission in addiction. Neuropharmacology, 56, 169–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.011

Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2016). Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(8), 760–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00104-8

McHugh, R. K., Hearon, B. A., & Otto, M. W. (2010). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33(3), 511–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.012

Mosel, S. (2024, January 3). Is Drug Addiction Genetic? American Addiction Centers. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/addiction-genetic#:~:text=Complex%20interactions%20between%20an%20individual

Scofield, M. D., Heinsbroek, J. A., Gipson, C. D., Kupchik, Y. M., Spencer, S., Smith, A. C. W., Roberts-Wolfe, D., & Kalivas, P. W. (2016). The Nucleus Accumbens: Mechanisms of Addiction across Drug Classes Reflect the Importance of Glutamate Homeostasis. Pharmacological Reviews, 68(3), 816–871. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.116.012484

Walker, L. (2019). Aftercare: Addiction Recovery Support Groups. American Addiction Centers. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/aftercare-support-groups

ADHD & Learning Differences

Adams, H. (2014, June 17). MRI technique may help prevent ADHD misdiagnosis. Medical University of South Carolina. https://musckids.org/about-us/news/2014/06/17/mri-technique-may-help-prevent-adhd-misdiagnosis

Berberat, J., Huggenberger, R., Montali, M., Gruber, P., Pircher, A., Lövblad, K.-O., Killer, H. E., & Remonda, L. (2021). Brain activation patterns in medicated versus medication-naïve adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during fMRI tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching. BMC Medical Imaging, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-021-00579-3

Chung, P. J., Patel, D. R., & Nizami, I. (2020). Disorder of written expression and dysgraphia: definition, diagnosis, and management. Translational Pediatrics, 9(S1), S46–S54. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2019.11.01

De Novo Classification Request for Neuropsychiatric EEG-Based Assessment for ADHD (NEBA) System. (n.d.). Food and Drug Administration. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/reviews/K112711.pdf

Dyscalculia - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/dyscalculia

Fournier del Castillo, M. C., Maldonado Belmonte, M. J., Ruiz-Falcó Rojas, M. L., López Pino, M. Á., Bernabeu Verdú, J., & Suárez Rodríguez, J. M. (2010). Cerebellum Atrophy and Development of a Peripheral Dysgraphia: A Paediatric Case. The Cerebellum, 9(4), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-010-0188-3

Furrer, M., Jaramillo, V., Volk, C., Ringli, M., Aellen, R., Wehrle, F. M., Pugin, F., Kurth, S., Brandeis, D., Schmid, M., Jenni, O. G., & Huber, R. (2019). Sleep EEG slow-wave activity in medicated and unmedicated children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Translational Psychiatry, 9(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0659-3

Gehricke, Jean-G., Kruggel, F., Thampipop, T., Alejo, S. D., Tatos, E., Fallon, J., & Muftuler, L. T. (2017). The Brain Anatomy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder in Young Adults – a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. PLOS ONE, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175433

Gnanavel, S., Sharma, P., Kaushal, P., & Hussain, S. (2019). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity: A review of literature. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 7(17), 2420–2426. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v7.i17.2420

H.;Brockmole, M. (2011). Dyslexia Linked to Visual Strengths Useful in Astronomy. AAS, 218, 215.08. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AAS...21821508S/abstract

Identifying Gifted Students: Addressing the Lack of Diversity in Gifted Education. (2021, February 11). Soeonline.american.edu. https://soeonline.american.edu/blog/lack-of-diversity-in-gifted-education/

Imaging, A. H. (2021, February 12). Can a Brain Scan Help Diagnose ADHD? American Health Imaging. https://americanhealthimaging.com/brain-scan-help-diagnose-adhd/

Katzman, M. A., Bilkey, T. S., Chokka, P. R., Fallu, A., & Klassen, L. J. (2017). Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3

Lenartowicz, A., & Loo, S. K. (2014). Use of EEG to Diagnose ADHD. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0498-0

Norton, E. S., Beach, S. D., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2015). Neurobiology of Dyslexia. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 30(30), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.09.007

Pratt, E. (2019, August 13). ADHD Medication Ritalin and Boys Brains. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/adhd-medication-may-affect-white-matter-in-childrens-brains

Rankin, J. G. (2020, July 20). Equity for Twice-Exceptional Students | Psychology Today. Www.psychologytoday.com. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/much-more-common-core/202007/equity-twice-exceptional-students

Richlan, F., Sturm, D., Schurz, M., Kronbichler, M., Ladurner, G., & Wimmer, H. (2010). A Common Left Occipito-Temporal Dysfunction in Developmental Dyslexia and Acquired Letter-By-Letter Reading? PLoS ONE, 5(8), e12073. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012073

Sachs, G. (1997). Dealing with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the Emergency Services. https://apps.usfa.fema.gov/pdf/efop/efo10644.pdf

Schneps, M. H. (2014, August 19). The Advantages of Dyslexia. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-advantages-of-dyslexia/

Symptoms and diagnosis of ADHD. (2022, August 9). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html

Ulke, C., Rullmann, M., Huang, J., Luthardt, J., Becker, G.-A., Patt, M., Meyer, P. M., Tiepolt, S., Hesse, S., Sabri, O., & Strauß, M. (2019). Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with reduced norepinephrine transporter availability in right attention networks: a (S,S)-O-[ 11 C]methylreboxetine positron emission tomography study. Translational Psychiatry, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0619-y

Watson, S. (2022, July 13). What Are Noradrenergic Medicines for ADHD? WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/adult-adhd-noradrenergic-agents

Wormald, C. (2015, March 25). Intellectually gifted students often have learning disabilities. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/intellectually-gifted-students-often-have-learning-disabilities-37276#:~:text=Current%20US%20research%20suggests%20that

Autism

Arutiunian, V., Davydova, E., Pereverzeva, D., Sorokin, A., Tyushkevich, S., Mamokhina, U., Danilina, K., & Dragoy, O. (2023). Reduced grey matter volume of amygdala and hippocampus is associated with the severity of autistic symptoms and language abilities in school-aged children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: an exploratory study. Brain Structure & Function, 228(6), 1573–1579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-023-02660-9

Askham, A. V. (2020, October 15). Brain structure changes in autism, explained. Spectrum | Autism Research News. https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/brain-structure-changes-in-autism-explained/#:~:text=People%20who%20lack%20all%20or

Autism Society. (2022). The autism experience. Autism Society. https://autismsociety.org/the-autism-experience/

Autism Spectrum Disorder. (n.d.-a). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/autism-spectrum-disorder#:~:text=A%20diagnosis%20of%20ASD%20includes

Autism spectrum disorder. (n.d.-b). MedlinePlus Genetics. https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/autism-spectrum-disorder/#:~:text=Some%20of%20the%20other%20genes

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) - Frequently Asked Questions. (2018, April 17). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/topics.html

Benveniste, A. (2021, May 12). What Elon Musk’s Asperger’s comment could mean for the business world. CNN Business. https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/12/business/elon-musk-aspergers/index.html

Bhandari, T. (2018, December 14). In autism, too many brain connections may be at root of condition. Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. https://medicine.wustl.edu/news/in-autism-too-many-brain-connections-may-be-at-root-of-condition/

Catani, M., Dell’Acqua, F., Budisavljevic, S., Howells, H., Thiebaut de Schotten, M., Froudist-Walsh, S., D’Anna, L., Thompson, A., Sandrone, S., Bullmore, E. T., Suckling, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Lombardo, M. V., Wheelwright, S. J., Chakrabarti, B., Lai, M.-C., Ruigrok, A. N. V., Leemans, A., Ecker, C., & Consortium, M. A. (2016). Frontal networks in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Brain, 139(2), 616–630. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv351

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Screening and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/screening.html

Ehmke, R. (2016, December 2). The Controversy Around ABA. Child Mind Institute; Child Mind Institute. https://childmind.org/article/controversy-around-applied-behavior-analysis/

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2017, January 31). What are the treatments for Autism? Http://Www.nichd.nih.gov/. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/autism/conditioninfo/treatments

Herera, S. (2005, February 25). Mild autism has “selective advantages.” NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7030731

Hurley-Hanson, A. E., & Giannantonio, C. M. (2016). Journal of Business and Management. J. B.M, 22(1). https://www.chapman.edu/business/_files/journals-and-essays/jbm-editions/jbm-vol-22-no-1-autism-in-the-workplace.pdf

Leaf, J. B., Cihon, J. H., Leaf, R., McEachin, J., Liu, N., Russell, N., Unumb, L., Shapiro, S., & Khosrowshahi, D. (2021). Concerns About ABA-Based Intervention: An Evaluation and Recommendations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05137-y

National Autistic Society. (2023). What is autism. Www.autism.org.uk. https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism#:~:text=Autism%20is%20a%20lifelong%20developmental

Sato, W., Kochiyama, T., Uono, S., Yoshimura, S., Kubota, Y., Sawada, R., Sakihama, M., & Toichi, M. (2017). Reduced Gray Matter Volume in the Social Brain Network in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00395

UCL. (2023, June 26). Number of autistic people in England may be twice as high as previously thought. UCL News. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2023/jun/number-autistic-people-england-may-be-twice-high-previously-thought

Vaccines and Autism. (2014, November 5). Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/vaccines-and-other-conditions/vaccines-autism

Anxiety & OCD

Calm Clinic. “The Biochemistry of Anxiety,” n.d. https://www.calmclinic.com/anxiety/biochemistry-of-anxiety#:~:text=Low%20levels%20of%20serotonin%20are.

Frick, Luciana, and Christopher Pittenger. “Microglial Dysregulation in OCD, Tourette Syndrome, and PANDAS.” Journal of Immunology Research 2016 (2016): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8606057.

Goldstein-Piekarski, A N, L M Williams, and K Humphreys. “A Trans-Diagnostic Review of Anxiety Disorder Comorbidity and the Impact of Multiple Exclusion Criteria on Studying Clinical Outcomes in Anxiety Disorders.” Translational Psychiatry 6, no. 6 (June 2016): e847–47. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.108.

Gottschalk, Michael G, and Katharina Domschke. “Genetics of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Related Traits.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 19, no. 2 (June 2017): 159–68. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5573560/.

Graybiel, Ann M, and Scott L Rauch. “Toward a Neurobiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.” Neuron 28, no. 2 (November 2000): 343–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00113-6.

Maraone, Annalisa, Lorenzo Tarsitani, Irene Pinucci, and Massimo Pasquini. “Antiglutamatergic Agents for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Where Are We Now and What Are Possible Future Prospects?” World Journal of Psychiatry 11, no. 9 (September 19, 2021): 568–80. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v11.i9.568.

Martin, Elizabeth I., Kerry J. Ressler, Elisabeth Binder, and Charles B. Nemeroff. “The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders: Brain Imaging, Genetics, and Psychoneuroendocrinology.” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 32, no. 3 (September 2009): 549–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2009.05.004.

Mayo Clinic. “Anxiety Disorders - Symptoms and Causes.” Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, May 4, 2018. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961.

———. “Chronic Stress Puts Your Health at Risk.” Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, July 8, 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress/art-20046037.

Mental Health Foundation. “Anxiety: Statistics.” www.mentalhealth.org.uk, 2023. https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/statistics/anxiety-statistics.

Mind. “Anxiety Signs and Symptoms.” www.mind.org.uk, 2021. https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/anxiety-and-panic-attacks/symptoms/.

Morris-Rosendahl, Deborah J. “Are There Anxious Genes?” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 4, no. 3 (2002): 251–60. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181683/.

Office for National Statistics. “Public Opinions and Social Trends, Great Britain - Office for National Statistics.” www.ons.gov.uk. Accessed October 31, 2023. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/publicopinionsandsocialtrendsgreatbritain/27aprilto8may2022#personal-well-being-and-loneliness.

Pauls, David L. “The Genetics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Review.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 12, no. 2 (2010): 149–63. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181951/.

Smith, Joshua P, and Sarah W Book. “Anxiety and Substance Use Disorders: A Review.” The Psychiatric Times 25, no. 10 (2008): 19–23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2904966/.

Depression & Mood Disorders

Archer, T, M Oscar-Berman, K Blum, and MS Gold. “Epigenetic Modulation of Mood Disorders.” Journal of Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy 04, no. 01 (2013). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7412.1000120.

Benjamin, Kathy. “Historical Geniuses and Their Psychiatric Conditions.” The Atlantic, September 12, 2012. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/09/historical-geniuses-and-their-psychiatric-conditions/262249/.

Bipolar Lives. “Winston Churchill and Manic Depression,” October 9, 2019. https://www.bipolar-lives.com/winston-churchill-and-manic-depression.html.

Boeira, Manuela V., Gabriela de Á. Berni, Ives C. Passos, Márcia Kauer-Sant’Anna, and Flávio Kapczinski. “Virginia Woolf, Neuroprogression, and Bipolar Disorder.” Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 39, no. 1 (June 14, 2016): 69–71. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2016-1962.

Campbell, Stephanie, and Glenda MacQueen. “An Update on Regional Brain Volume Differences Associated with Mood Disorders.” Current Opinion in Psychiatry 19, no. 1 (January 2006): 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.yco.0000194371.47685.f2.

CBS News. “Famous People with Bipolar Disorder.” Cbsnews.com, March 30, 2016. https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/famous-people-celebrities-bipolar/17/.

Chung, Jae Kyung, Kyu Young Lee, Se Hyun Kim, Eui-Joong Kim, Seong Hoon Jeong, Hee Yeon Jung, Jung-Eun Choi, Yong Min Ahn, Yong Sik Kim, and Eun-Jeong Joo. “Circadian Rhythm Characteristics in Mood Disorders: Comparison among Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder and Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder.” Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience 10, no. 2 (August 28, 2012): 110–16. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2012.10.2.110.

Dodgson, Lindsay. “Serena Williams Opened up about Her Postnatal Depression on Social Media — and People Are Applauding Her Honesty.” Insider, August 7, 2018. https://www.insider.com/serena-williams-talks-about-her-postnatal-depression-on-social-media-2018-8.

Gillespie, Claire. “10 Famous Athletes That Struggle with Depression.” Edited by Stephanie O’Leary. www.healthcentral.com, November 25, 2019. https://www.healthcentral.com/slideshow/famous-athletes-that-struggle-with-depression.

John Hopkins Medicine. “Mental Health Disorder Statistics.” John Hopkins Medicine, 2019. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/mental-health-disorder-statistics.

Lau, Jennifer Y.F., and Thalia C. Eley. “The Genetics of Mood Disorders.” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 6, no. 1 (March 2010): 313–37. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131308.

Manji, Husseini K, Jorge A Quiroz, Jennifer L Payne, Jaskaran Singh, Barbara P Lopes, Jenilee S Viegas, and Carlos A Zarate. “The Underlying Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder.” World Psychiatry : Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) 2, no. 3 (2003): 136–46. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525098/.

McGuffin, Peter, Fruhling Rijsdijk, Martin Andrew, Pak Sham, Randy Katz, and Alastair Cardno. “The Heritability of Bipolar Affective Disorder and the Genetic Relationship to Unipolar Depression.” Archives of General Psychiatry 60, no. 5 (2003): 497–502. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.497.

Meymandi, Assad. “Lincoln’s Melancholy: A Book Review.” Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience 8, no. 1 (2011): 54–56. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3036550/#:~:text=Lincoln%20was%20desperately%20saddened%20and.

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). “Any Mood Disorder,” n.d. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/any-mood-disorder#:~:text=An%20estimated%2021.4%25%20of%20U.S..

Nestler, Eric J., Michel Barrot, Ralph J. DiLeone, Amelia J. Eisch, Stephen J. Gold, and Lisa M. Monteggia. “Neurobiology of Depression.” Neuron 34, no. 1 (March 2002): 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00653-0.

Olympics. “Michael Phelps: ‘Don’t Be Afraid to Dream as Big as You Possibly Can,’” July 31, 2021. https://olympics.com/en/news/michael-phelps-don-t-be-afraid-to-dream-as-big-as-you-possibly-can.

Wolf, Paul. “Creativity and Chronic Disease Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890).” Western Journal of Medicine 175, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 348. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071623/#:~:text=Plagued%20by%20psychiatric%20illness%20throughout.

Schizophrenia

Bergman, A. (2016, July 25). Professor’s life story proves opera-worthy. USC Today. https://today.usc.edu/professors-life-story-proves-opera-worthy/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CYet%20that

Cohen, A. N., Hamilton, A. B., Saks, E. R., Glover, D. L., Glynn, S. M., Brekke, J. S., & Marder, S. R. (2017). How Occupationally High-Achieving Individuals With a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Manage Their Symptoms. Psychiatric Services, 68(4), 324–329. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201600031

Gaser, C., Nenadic, I., Buchsbaum, B. R., Hazlett, E. A., & Buchsbaum, M. S. (2004). Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia related to volume reduction of the thalamus, striatum, and superior temporal cortex. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(1), 154–156. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.154

Gejman, P. V., Sanders, A. R., & Duan, J. (2010). The Role of Genetics in the Etiology of Schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33(1), 35–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2009.12.003

Kubicki, M., McCarley, R. W., & Shenton, M. E. (2005). Evidence for white matter abnormalities in schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18(2), 121–134. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2768599/

Mayo Clinic. (2020, January 7). Schizophrenia - symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354443

McGuffin, P. (2004). Nature and Nurture Interplay: Schizophrenia. Psychiatrische Praxis, 31, 189–193. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-834565

National Institute of Mental Health. (2020). Schizophrenia. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia#:~:text=Schizophrenia%20is%20a%20serious%20mental

New study finds evidence for reduced brain connections in schizophrenia. (2020, January 14). Www.kcl.ac.uk. https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/new-study-finds-evidence-for-reduced-brain-connections-in-schizophrenia

Schizophrenia: Nature vs Nurture. (2021, November 24). BC Schizophrenia Society. https://www.bcss.org/lookagain/schizophrenia-nature-vs-nurture/

Shen, C.-L., Tsai, S.-J., Lin, C.-P., & Yang, A. C. (2023). Progressive brain abnormalities in schizophrenia across different illness periods: a structural and functional MRI study. Schizophrenia, 9(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-022-00328-7

Torres, F. (2020, August). What Is Schizophrenia? American Psychiatric Association. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/schizophrenia/what-is-schizophrenia

Vita, A., De Peri, L., Deste, G., & Sacchetti, E. (2012). Progressive loss of cortical gray matter in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of longitudinal MRI studies. Translational Psychiatry, 2(11), e190–e190. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.116

World Health Organization. (2022, January 10). Schizophrenia. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia

Yue, Y., Kong, L., Wang, J., Li, C., Tan, L., Su, H., & Xu, Y. (2016). Regional Abnormality of Grey Matter in Schizophrenia: Effect from the Illness or Treatment? PLOS ONE, 11(1), e0147204. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147204

Personality Disorders

Abbott, L. (2023, March 31). Neurodiversity & Neurodivergent: What do they mean and how do they impact me as a PGR? UofG PGR Blog. https://uofgpgrblog.com/pgrblog/2021/3/24/neurodiversity

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Antisocial Personality Disorder: Often Overlooked and Untreated. (2022, December 29). American Psychiatric Association. https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/antisocial-personality-disorder-often-overlooked#:~:text=It%20is%20estimated%20to%20affect,common%20among%20men%20than%20women.&text=Individuals%20with%20antisocial%20personality%20disorder,disorder%20or%20substance%20use%20disorders.

Black, D. W., Gunter, T., Loveless, P., Allen, J., & Sieleni, B. (2010). Antisocial personality disorder in incarcerated offenders: Psychiatric comorbidity and quality of life. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 22(2), 113–120. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20445838/

Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.-a). Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Traits, Tests, Treatment. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9742-narcissistic-personality-disorder#:~:text=How%20common%20is%20narcissistic%20personality

Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.-b). Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD): Symptoms & Treatment. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9784-paranoid-personality-disorder#:~:text=Paranoid%20personality%20disorder%20is%20relatively

Cleveland Clinic. (2014). Avoidant Personality Disorder | Cleveland Clinic. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9761-avoidant-personality-disorder

Cleveland Clinic. (2020, November 30). Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) | Cleveland Clinic. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9783-dependent-personality-disorder

Cleveland Clinic. (2022, May 15). Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Symptoms & Treatment. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23061-schizotypal-personality-disorder

Dr. A. O. Busari. (2010). Antisocial Personality Disorder among Prison Inmates: The Mediating Role of Schema-Focused Therapy. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience, 17(1), 1–6. https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/antisocial-personality-disorder-among-prison-inmates-the-mediating-role-of-schemafocused-therapy-1522-4821-17-166.php?aid=37928

Esterberg, M. L., Goulding, S. M., & Walker, E. F. (2010). Cluster A Personality Disorders: Schizotypal, Schizoid and Paranoid Personality Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32(4), 515–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-010-9183-8

Forsey, L. (2023, August 25). Are people with BPD neurodivergent? What to know (B. Juby, Ed.). Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-bpd-neurodivergent

Grant, J. E. (2004). Co-occurrence of personality disorders in persons with kleptomania: a preliminary investigation. PubMed, 32(4), 395–398.

Grant, J. E., Mooney, M. E., & Kushner, M. G. (2012). Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of DSM-IV obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(4), 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.009

Kathryn Vercillo. (2023, April 26). The Impact of Histrionic Personality Disorder on Art - Create Me Free. Create Me Free. https://www.createmefree.com/the-impact-of-histrionic-personality-disorder-on-art/

Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Personality disorders - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved November 26, 2023, from https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20354463&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1701008839104792&usg=AOvVaw2Lm7GQd4NmiL_SGfC8Hu5p

Mayo Clinic. (2016). Personality disorders - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic. Mayoclinic.org. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354468

Mayo Clinic. (2019). Borderline personality disorder - diagnosis and treatment - mayo clinic. Mayoclinic.org. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370242

McCullough, J. (2019, December 9). The Psychopathic CEO. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackmccullough/2019/12/09/the-psychopathic-ceo/?sh=57e4676e791e

NAMI. (2017, December). Borderline personality disorder | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness. Nami.org. https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Borderline-Personality-Disorder

Nestadt, G., Romanoski, A. J., Chahal, R., Merchant, A., Folstein, M. F., Gruenberg, E. M., & McHugh, P. R. (1990). An epidemiological study of histrionic personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 20(2), 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700017724

Neurodivergence Resources. (n.d.). Medical Education Directorate. https://www.med.scot.nhs.uk/resources/edi/neurodivergence-resources#:~:text=Neurodivergence%20includes%20Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorder

Personality Disorders. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/personality-disorders#:~:text=Prevalence%20of%20Personality%20Disorders%20in%20Adults

Pulay, A. J., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Huang, B., Saha, T. D., Smith, S. M., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Hasin, D. S., & Grant, B. F. (2009). Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV schizotypal personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 11(2), 53–67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2707116/

Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2010). The genetic epidemiology of personality disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 12(1), 103–114. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181941/

Rizvi, A., & Torrico, T. J. (2023). Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/statpearls/article-157532/

Robitz, R. (2013). What are personality disorders? American Psychiatric Association; American Psychiatric Association. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/personality-disorders/what-are-personality-disorders

Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2011). Personality Disorders. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 8(4), 13–18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3105841/

Seid, M., Anbesaw, T., Melke, S., Beteshe, D., Mussa, H., Asmamaw, A., & Shegaw, M. (2022). Antisocial personality disorder and associated factors among incarcerated in prison in Dessie city correctional center, Dessie, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03710-y

Steiner, M., Links, P. S., & Korzekwa, M. (1988). Biological Markers in Borderline Personality Disorders: An Overview. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 33(5), 350–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674378803300507

Complex Trauma & PTSD

American Psychological Association. (2017, July 31). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/treatments/eye-movement-reprocessing

Banerjee, S. B., Morrison, F. G., & Ressler, K. J. (2017). Genetic approaches for the study of PTSD: Advances and challenges. Neuroscience Letters, 649, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.058

Bohus, M., Kleindienst, N., Hahn, C., Müller-Engelmann, M., Ludäscher, P., Steil, R., Fydrich, T., Kuehner, C., Resick, P. A., Stiglmayr, C., Schmahl, C., & Priebe, K. (2020). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DBT-PTSD) Compared With Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) in Complex Presentations of PTSD in Women Survivors of Childhood Abuse. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(12), 1235–1245. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2148

Bryant, R. A., Felmingham, K. L., Malhi, G., Andrew, E., & Korgaonkar, M. S. (2020). The distinctive neural circuitry of complex posttraumatic stress disorder during threat processing. Psychological Medicine, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719003921

Buschman, H. (2019, October 8). Large Study Reveals PTSD Has Strong Genetic Component Like Other Psychiatric Disorders. Health.ucsd.edu. https://health.ucsd.edu/news/press-releases/2019-10-08-study-reveals-ptsd-has-strong-genetic-component/

Complex PTSD. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24881-cptsd-complex-ptsd#:~:text=Both%20CPTSD%20and%20PTSD%20involve

Complex PTSD - Post-traumatic stress disorder. (2021, February 17). National Health Service. https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/complex/

Davis, S. (2019, July 29). Inflammation and the Brain Changes Observed in Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. CPTSD Foundation. https://cptsdfoundation.org/2019/07/29/inflammation-and-the-brain-changes-observed-in-complex-post-traumatic-stress-disorder/

Lambert, H. K., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019). Impaired hippocampus-dependent associative learning as a mechanism underlying PTSD: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 729–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.024

Logue, M. W., van Rooij, S. J. H., Dennis, E. L., Davis, S. L., Hayes, J. P., Stevens, J. S., Densmore, M., Haswell, C. C., Ipser, J., Koch, S. B. J., Korgaonkar, M., Lebois, L. A. M., Peverill, M., Baker, J. T., Boedhoe, P. S. W., Frijling, J. L., Gruber, S. A., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Jahanshad, N., & Koopowitz, S. (2018). Smaller Hippocampal Volume in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Multisite ENIGMA-PGC Study: Subcortical Volumetry Results From Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Consortia. Biological Psychiatry, 83(3), 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.006

Mayo Clinic. (2022, December 13). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Symptoms and Causes. Mayo Clinic; Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355967

Morey, R. A., Gold, A. L., LaBar, K. S., Beall, S. K., Brown, V. M., Haswell, C. C., Nasser, J. D., Wagner, H. R., & McCarthy, G. (2012). Amygdala volume changes in posttraumatic stress disorder in a large case-controlled veterans group. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(11), 1169–1178. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.50

Piggott, V. M., Bosse, K. E., Lisieski, M. J., Strader, J. A., Stanley, J. A., Conti, A. C., Ghoddoussi, F., & Perrine, S. A. (2019). Single-Prolonged Stress Impairs Prefrontal Cortex Control of Amygdala and Striatum in Rats. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00018

PTSD and C-PTSD: The similarities and the differences. (n.d.). PTSD UK. https://www.ptsduk.org/ptsd-and-c-ptsd-the-similarities-and-the-differences/

Steil, R., Dittmann, C., Müller-Engelmann, M., Dyer, A., Maasch, A.-M., & Priebe, K. (2018). Dialectical behaviour therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse: a pilot study in an outpatient treatment setting. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1), 1423832. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1423832

The Effects of Complex Trauma on Brain Development. (2018, October 20). Complex Trauma Resources. https://www.complextrauma.org/complex-trauma/the-effects-of-complex-trauma-on-brain-development/

Treatment: Finding Hope & Help for Healing. (n.d.). Attachment Trauma Network. https://www.attachmenttraumanetwork.org/treatment/

Treatments for PTSD. (2020). American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/treatments

Vernor, D. (2019, October 8). PTSD is More Likely in Women Than Men. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/October-2019/PTSD-is-More-Likely-in-Women-Than-Men

Vogt, D. (n.d.). Research on Women, Trauma and PTSD. US Department of Veterans Affairs. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/specific/ptsd_research_women.asp#:~:text=Women

Watkins, L. E., Sprang, K. R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018). Treating PTSD: a Review of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Interventions. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12(258), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00258

What is complex PTSD? (2021, January). Mind. https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd-and-complex-ptsd/complex-ptsd/

Chapter 8

Dementias

A. Bennett, David, Julie A. Schneider, Zoe Arvanitakis, and Robert S. Wilson. “Overview and Findings from the Religious Orders Study.” Current Alzheimer Research 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 628–45. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720512801322573.

Alzheimer Society of Canada. “Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome,” n.d. http://alzheimer.ca/en/about-dementia/other-types-dementia/rare-types-dementia/wernicke-korsakoff-syndrome#:~:text=Wernicke%2DKorsakoff%20syndrome%20is%20a.

Alzheimer's Association. “Medications for Memory, Cognition and Dementia-Related Behaviors.” Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia, 2023. https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/treatments/medications-for-memory#:~:text=This%20type%20of%20drug%20works.

———. “Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).” Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia, 2019. https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/related_conditions/traumatic-brain-injury.

———. “Women and Alzheimer’s.” Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia, 2021. https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-alzheimers/women-and-alzheimer-s#:~:text=Almost%20two%2Dthirds%20of%20Americans%20with%20Alzheimer.

Alzheimer's Society. “Alcohol-Related ‘Dementia’ | Alzheimer’s Society.” www.alzheimers.org.uk, n.d. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/alcohol-related-dementia.

———. “CADASIL | Alzheimer’s Society.” www.alzheimers.org.uk. Accessed October 30, 2023. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/cadasil#:~:text=CADASIL%20is%20a%20rare%2C%20inherited%20type%20of%20vascular%20disease%20.

———. “Infections and Dementia.” Alzheimer’s Society, 2019. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/risk-factors-and-prevention/infections-and-dementia.

———. “Learning Disabilities and Dementia.” Alzheimer’s Society, 2015. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/learning-disabilities-dementia.

———. “Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) | Alzheimer’s Society.” www.alzheimers.org.uk, n.d. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/progressive-supranuclear-palsy.

———. “Types of Dementia.” Alzheimer’s Society, 2018. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia.

———. “What Is Mixed Dementia?” Alzheimer’s Society, 2018. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/blog/what-is-mixed-dementia.

BrightFocus Foundation. “‘Is It Something I’m Taking?’ Medications That Can Mimic Dementia,” May 25, 2015. https://www.brightfocus.org/alzheimers/article/is-it-something-im-taking-medications-that-can-mimic-dementia.

Brown University. “Thyroid Problems Linked to Increased Risk of Dementia, Study Finds,” July 13, 2022. https://www.brown.edu/news/2022-07-13/thyroid-dementia.

CDC. “Social Determinants of Health and Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias.” www.cdc.gov, December 31, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/aging/disparities/social-determinants-alzheimers.html.

———. “Subjective Cognitive Decline — a Public Health Issue.” www.cdc.gov, March 25, 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/aging/data/subjective-cognitive-decline-brief.html#:~:text=Subjective%20Cognitive%20Decline%20(SCD)%20is.

Dyck, Christopher H. van, Chad J. Swanson, Paul Aisen, Randall J. Bateman, Christopher Chen, Michelle Gee, Michio Kanekiyo, et al. “Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease.” New England Journal of Medicine 388, no. 1 (November 29, 2022): 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2212948.

Goodman, Richard A., Kimberly A. Lochner, Madhav Thambisetty, Thomas S. Wingo, Samuel F. Posner, and Shari M. Ling. “Prevalence of Dementia Subtypes in United States Medicare Fee-For-Service Beneficiaries, 2011-2013.” Alzheimer’s & Dementia 13, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.04.002.

Hale, Jo Mhairi, Maarten J. Bijlsma, and Angelo Lorenti. “Does Postponing Retirement Affect Cognitive Function? A Counterfactual Experiment to Disentangle Life Course Risk Factors.” SSM - Population Health 15 (September 2021): 100855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100855.

Hopkins Medicine. “HIV and Dementia.” www.hopkinsmedicine.org, n.d. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hiv-and-aids/hiv-and-dementia#:~:text=HIV%20encephalopathy%20is%20an%20infection.

———. “Parkinson’s Disease and Dementia.” www.hopkinsmedicine.org, n.d. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-disease-and-dementia#:~:text=Parkinson%20disease%20causes%20physical%20symptoms.

Hyun, Jinshil, Charles B. Hall, Martin J. Sliwinski, Mindy J. Katz, Cuiling Wang, Ali Ezzati, and Richard B. Lipton. “Effect of Mentally Challenging Occupations on Incident Dementia Differs between African Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites.” Edited by Ozioma Okonkwo. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 75, no. 4 (June 15, 2020): 1405–16. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-191222.

Jack, C. R., Jr, Knopman, D. S., Jagust, W. J., Shaw, L. M., Aisen, P. S., Weiner, M. W., Petersen, R. C., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2010). Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade. The Lancet. Neurology, 9(1), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70299-6

Jong, Frank Jan de, Kamal Masaki, Hepei Chen, Alan T. Remaley, Monique M.B. Breteler, Helen Petrovitch, Lon R. White, and Lenore J. Launer. “Thyroid Function, the Risk of Dementia and Neuropathologic Changes: The Honolulu–Asia Aging Study.” Neurobiology of Aging 30, no. 4 (April 2009): 600–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.019.

Mayo Clinic. “Dementia - Symptoms and Causes,” June 17, 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352013.

Mogi, Masaki. “Could Management of Blood Pressure Prevent Dementia in the Elderly?” Clinical Hypertension 25, no. 1 (December 2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40885-019-0135-7.

Nall, Rachel. “10 Types of Dementia.” Healthline. Healthline Media, January 5, 2017. https://www.healthline.com/health/types-dementia#normal-pressure-hydrocephalus.

National Institute on Aging. “NIA Statement on Donanemab Results: More Alzheimer’s Research Progress.” National Institute on Aging, July 17, 2023. https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/nia-statement-donanemab-results-more-alzheimers-research-progress.

National Institute on Aging. “Research Explores the Impact of Menopause on Women’s Health and Aging,” May 6, 2022. https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/research-explores-impact-menopause-womens-health-and-aging.

National Institute on Aging. “Understanding Different Types of Dementia.” National Institute on Aging, 2023. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/infographics/understanding-different-types-dementia.

———. “Understanding Different Types of Dementia.” National Institute on Aging, 2023. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/infographics/understanding-different-types-dementia.

———. “Vascular Dementia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments,” November 1, 2021. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/vascular-dementia#:~:text=Vascular%20dementia%20refers%20to%20changes.

———. “What Happens to the Brain in Alzheimer’s Disease?” National Institute on Aging. National Institute of Health, May 16, 2018. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-happens-brain-alzheimers-disease.

Pearson, Carol. “Strong Heart, Better Education Shown to Lower Dementia Risk.” Voice of America, December 28, 2016. https://www.voanews.com/a/study-strong-heart-education-lowers-dementia-risk/3654616.html.

Rees, T.M., and S. Brimijoin. “The Role of Acetylcholinesterase in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease.” Drugs of Today 39, no. 1 (2003): 75. https://doi.org/10.1358/dot.2003.39.1.740206.

Rizzi, Liara, Idiane Rosset, and Matheus Roriz-Cruz. “Global Epidemiology of Dementia: Alzheimer’s and Vascular Types.” BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/908915.

Saleh, Rasha N. M., Michael Hornberger, Craig W. Ritchie, and Anne Marie Minihane. “Hormone Replacement Therapy Is Associated with Improved Cognition and Larger Brain Volumes in At-Risk APOE4 Women: Results from the European Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease (EPAD) Cohort.” Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy 15, no. 1 (January 9, 2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-022-01121-5.

Stanford Medicine. “Dementia Causes.” stanfordhealthcare.org, n.d. https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/brain-and-nerves/dementia/causes.html.

Tripathi, Manjari, and Deepti Vibha. “Reversible Dementias.” Indian Journal of Psychiatry 51 Suppl 1, no. Suppl1 (2009): S52-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3038529/.

Veterans Health Library. “Understanding Reversible Dementias.” US Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d. https://www.veteranshealthlibrary.va.gov/Encyclopedia/142,85069_VA#:~:text=Many%20factors%20can%20cause%20symptoms,Depression.

Stroke

American Heart Association. (2021, November 1). Saturated Fat. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/saturated-fats

Davis, A. P., Billings, M. E., Longstreth, W. T., & Khot, S. P. (2013). Early diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea after stroke: Are we neglecting a modifiable stroke risk factor? Neurology: Clinical Practice, 3(3), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0b013e318296f274

Stroke Risk. (2019). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/risk_factors.htm

Stroke Risk Factors Not Within Your Control. (n.d.). American Stroke Association. Retrieved January 31, 2024, from https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/stroke-risk-factors/stroke-risk-factors-not-within-your-control#:~:text=If%20your%20parent%2C%20grandparent%2C%20sister

Williamson, L. (2021, May 5). 5 critical steps to help prevent a stroke. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/news/2021/05/05/5-critical-steps-to-help-prevent-a-stroke

Movement Disorders

Agarwal, S., & Biagioni, M. C. (2020). Essential Tremor. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499986/

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Symptoms and Causes. (2019, August 6). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354022

Essential Tremor Disorder. (2021, August 8). Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/essential-tremor-disorder#:~:text=Tremors%20may%20improve%20with%20ingestion

Finkbeiner, S. (2011). Huntington’s Disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 3(6), a007476–a007476. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a007476

Gilbert, R. (2019, February 5). Music Therapy for Parkinson’s disease. American Parkinson Disease Association. https://www.apdaparkinson.org/article/music-therapy-parkinsons-disease/

Machado Sotomayor, M. J., Arufe-Giráldez, V., Ruíz-Rico, G., & Navarro-Patón, R. (2021). Music Therapy and Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review from 2015–2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111618

Movement Disorder Diagnosis & Treatment | Mount Sinai - New York. (n.d.). Mount Sinai Health System. https://www.mountsinai.org/care/neurology/services/movement-disorders

Movement Disorders. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24847-movement-disorders

Movement disorders - Symptoms and causes. (2017). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/movement-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20363893

Movement Disorders – Classifications, Symptoms and Treatments. (n.d.). American Association of Neurological Surgeons. https://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Movement-Disorders

O’Brien, Clara. “Parkinson’s and Smell.” Parkinson’s UK. Accessed August 18, 2024. https://www.parkinsons.org.uk/information-and-support/your-magazine/experts/parkinsons-and-smell#:~:text=Loss%20or%20reduction%20of%20smell,have%20any%20difficulties%20with%20movement.

Reiner, A., Dragatsis, I., & Dietrich, P. (2011). Genetics and Neuropathology of Huntington’s Disease. International Review of Neurobiology, 98, 325–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-381328-2.00014-6

Rüb, U., Hoche, F., Brunt, E. R., Heinsen, H., Seidel, K., Del Turco, D., Paulson, H. L., Bohl, J., von Gall, C., Vonsattel, J.-P., Korf, H.-W., & den Dunnen, W. F. (2012). Degeneration of the Cerebellum in Huntington’s Disease (HD): Possible Relevance for the Clinical Picture and Potential Gateway to Pathological Mechanisms of the Disease Process. Brain Pathology, 23(2), 165–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3639.2012.00629.x

What is ALS? (2021, April 26). The ALS Association. https://www.als.org/understanding-als/what-is-als

Wojtecki, L., Groiss, S., Hartmann, C., Elben, S., Omlor, S., Schnitzler, A., & Vesper, J. (2016). Deep Brain Stimulation in Huntington’s Disease—Preliminary Evidence on Pathophysiology, Efficacy and Safety. Brain Sciences, 6(3), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci6030038

Epilepsy

Antiseizure medication. (2023, March 2). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24781-antiseizure-medications-anticonvulsants

D’Andrea Meira, I., Romão, T. T., Pires do Prado, H. J., Krüger, L. T., Pires, M. E. P., & da Conceição, P. O. (2019). Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy: What We Know So Far. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00005

Devinsky, O. (2004). Effects of Seizures on Autonomic and Cardiovascular Function. Epilepsy Currents, 4(2), 43–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7597.2004.42001.x

Epilepsy. (2023). Nationwide Children’s. https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/epilepsy

Epilepsy - Symptoms and Causes. (2021, October 7). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

Epilepsy surgery. (2018). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/epilepsy-surgery/about/pac-20393981

Fiest, K. M., Sauro, K. M., Wiebe, S., Patten, S. B., Kwon, C.-S., Dykeman, J., Pringsheim, T., Lorenzetti, D. L., & Jetté, N. (2017). Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy. Neurology, 88(3), 296–303. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003509

Holmes, G. L., & Ben-Ari, Y. (2001). The Neurobiology and Consequences of Epilepsy in the Developing Brain. Pediatric Research, 49(3), 320–325. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200103000-00004

Krahl, S. (2012). Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: A review of the peripheral mechanisms. Surgical Neurology International, 3(2), 47. https://doi.org/10.4103/2152-7806.91610

Löscher, W., Potschka, H., Sisodiya, S. M., & Vezzani, A. (2020). Drug Resistance in Epilepsy: Clinical Impact, Potential Mechanisms, and New Innovative Treatment Options. Pharmacological Reviews, 72(3), 606–638. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.120.019539

Meldrum, B., & Chapman, A. (1999). Metabolic Consequences of Seizures. Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. 6th Edition. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28033/

Treatment - Epilepsy. (2020, September 18). National Health Service. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/treatment/

Zangiabadi, N., Ladino, L. D., Sina, F., Orozco-Hernández, J. P., Carter, A., & Téllez-Zenteno, J. F. (2019). Deep Brain Stimulation and Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Review of the Literature. Frontiers in Neurology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00601

Brain Tumors

American Society of Clinical Oncology. (2018, February 27). Brain Tumor - Symptoms and Signs. Cancer.net. https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/brain-tumor/symptoms-and-signs

Brain Tumors and Brain Cancer. (n.d.). Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/brain-tumor#treatment

Cell Phones and Cancer Risk Fact Sheet. (2022, March 10). NIH National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/cell-phones-fact-sheet#:~:text=A%20few%20studies%20have%20shown

Cleveland Clinic. (2022, June 2). Brain Cancer & Brain Tumor: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6149-brain-cancer-brain-tumor

Do Cell Phones Cause Cancer? | Cellphones and Cancer. (2022, March 31). American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/radiation-exposure/cellular-phones.html

Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2022). Brain Tumor. Www.hopkinsmedicine.org. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/brain-tumor

Mayo Clinic. (2019). Brain Tumor - Diagnosis and Treatment. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350088

Mayo Clinic. (2021, August 6). Brain tumor - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084

No link found between brain cancer and cell phone use, experts say. (2022, November 9). Harvard School of Public Health. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/no-link-found-between-brain-cancer-and-cell-phone-use-experts-say/

Signs & Symptoms. (n.d.). National Brain Tumor Society. https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/signs-symptoms/

Brain Injuries and Concussions

Anisocoria Information. (n.d.). Mount Sinai Health System. https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/anisocoria

Changes in Emotion After Traumatic Brain Injury. (n.d.). Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center. https://msktc.org/tbi/factsheets/changes-emotion-after-traumatic-brain-injury

Cheney, T. (2015, July 16). Research might explain why children’s recovery times vary after traumatic brain injury. Www.uclahealth.org. https://www.uclahealth.org/news/research-might-explain-why-childrens-recovery-times-vary-after-traumatic-brain-injury

Concussion - Symptoms and Causes. (2022, February 17). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/concussion/symptoms-causes/syc-20355594

Haider, M. N., Bezherano, I., Wertheimer, A., Siddiqui, A. H., Horn, E. C., Willer, B. S., & Leddy, J. J. (2021). Exercise for Sport-Related Concussion and Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms. Sports Health, 13(2), 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120946015

Leddy, J. J., Haider, M. N., Ellis, M., & Willer, B. S. (2018). Exercise is Medicine for Concussion. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 17(8), 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000505

Li, Y., Li, Y., Li, X., Zhang, S., Zhao, J., Zhu, X., & Tian, G. (2017). Head Injury as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 32 Observational Studies. PLOS ONE, 12(1), e0169650. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169650

Pekna, M., & Pekny, M. (2012). The Neurobiology of Brain Injury. Cerebrum: The Dana Forum on Brain Science, 2012. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574788/#:~:text=Brain%20injury%20affects%20neuronal%20circuitry

Tator, C. (2013). Concussions and their consequences: current diagnosis, management and prevention. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 185(11), 975–979. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.120039

Thompson, H. J., McCormick, W. C., & Kagan, S. H. (2006). Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults: Epidemiology, Outcomes, and Future Implications. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(10), 1590–1595. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00894.x

Traumatic Brain Injury. (n.d.). Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved January 31, 2024, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/traumatic-brain-injury#:~:text=The%20jarring%20of%20the%20brain

Understanding Behavior Changes after TBI. (n.d.). Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center. Retrieved January 31, 2024, from https://msktc.org/tbi/factsheets/understanding-behavior-changes-after-tbi#:~:text=The%20following%20are%20some%20of

Chapter 9

How Do We Find the Right Treatments for Brain and Mental Health?

Autism is NOT A Disability. (2022, July 4). Autism 360^TM. https://www.autism360.com/autism-is-not-a-disability/

Berke, J. (2022, March 7). Are Deaf People Disabled? (N. Blackmer, Ed.). Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/deaf-culture-deaf-disabled-both-1048590#:~:text=Others%20feel%20that%20they%20are

Screening and Tests

Berger, Abi. “Positron Emission Tomography.” BMJ : British Medical Journal 326, no. 7404 (June 28, 2003): 1449. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1126321/#:~:text=Positron%20emission%20tomography%20(PET)%20is.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB),” n.d. https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/pdfs/wichita-data-access/cantab-doc.pdf.

Cleveland Clinic. “Brain MRI: What It Is, Purpose, Procedure & Results.” Cleveland Clinic, May 9, 2022. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22966-brain-mri.

———. “Functional MRI – Seeing Brain Activity as It Happens.” Cleveland Clinic, May 27, 2023. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/25034-functional-mri-fmri.

Hopkins Medicine. “Computed Tomography (CT or CAT) Scan of the Brain,” n.d. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/computed-tomography-ct-or-cat-scan-of-the-brain#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20CT%20scan%20of%20the%20brain%3F&text=A%20CT%20of%20the%20brain.

Mayo Clinic. “EEG (Electroencephalogram) - Mayo Clinic.” www.mayoclinic.org, May 11, 2022. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/eeg/about/pac-20393875#:~:text=An%20electroencephalogram%20(EEG)%20is%20a.

———. “SPECT Scan - Mayo Clinic.” Mayoclinic.org, 2016. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/spect-scan/about/pac-20384925.

Moore, William. “Conditions That Look like a Stroke.” Edited by Nayana Ambardekar. WebMD, August 28, 2022. https://www.webmd.com/stroke/conditions-that-look-like-stroke#:~:text=Infections%20in%20your%20brain%20and.

National Institute on Aging. “Stroke.” National Institute on Aging, February 9, 2023. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/stroke.

Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences. “How Is FMRI Used?” University of Oxford, n.d. https://www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk/divisions/fmrib/what-is-fmri/how-is-fmri-used#:~:text=It%20is%20used%20in%20pre.

Sukhdeo, Rena D, Christopher Jackson, Cyrilyn Walters, and Aneel Kumar. “Severe Hyperthyroidism Masquerading as Acute Bulbar Weakness.” Cureus, September 27, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1716.

Medications (& Coming Off Them)

About antipsychotics. (n.d.). Mind. https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/drugs-and-treatments/antipsychotics/about-antipsychotics/#:~:text=Dopamine%20is%20a%20neurotransmitter%2C%20which

Andrade, C., & Rao, S. K. (2010). How antidepressant drugs act: A primer on neuroplasticity as the eventual mediator of antidepressant efficacy. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 378. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.74318

Anxiety Medication. (n.d.). Help Guide. https://www.helpguide.org/articles/anxiety/anxiety-medication.htm#:~:text=Drugs%20such%20as%20Xanax%20

Cleveland Clinic. (2022, October 6). ADHD medications: How they work & side effects. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/11766-adhd-medication

Common questions about oxycodone. (2022, December 6). National Health Service. https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/oxycodone/common-questions-about-oxycodone/

del Campo, N., Chamberlain, S. R., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2011). The Roles of Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 69(12), e145–e157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.036

dela Peña, I., Gevorkiana, R., & Shi, W.-X. (2015). Psychostimulants affect dopamine transmission through both dopamine transporter-dependent and independent mechanisms. European Journal of Pharmacology, 764, 562–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.044

How quickly do anxiety meds work? (n.d.). Mental Health America. https://screening.mhanational.org/content/how-quickly-do-anxiety-meds-work/

Nuss, P. (2015). Anxiety disorders and GABA neurotransmission: a disturbance of modulation. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11(11), 165. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s58841

What are mood stabilisers? (n.d.). Mind. https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/drugs-and-treatments/lithium-and-other-mood-stabilisers/about-mood-stabilisers/#:~:text=Lithium%2C%20anticonvulsants%20and%20antipsychotics%20are

Wiffen, P. J., Derry, S., Moore, R. A., Aldington, D., Cole, P., Rice, A. S. C., Lunn, M. P. T., Hamunen, K., Haanpaa, M., & Kalso, E. A. (2013). Antiepileptic drugs for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia - an overview of Cochrane reviews. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(11), CD010567. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010567.pub2

Talk Therapy

American Psychiatric Association. “What Is Psychotherapy?” Psychiatry.org. American Psychiatric Association, January 2019. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/psychotherapy.

American Psychological Association. “Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Brings Lasting Benefits through Self-Knowledge.” Apa.org, 2020. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2010/01/psychodynamic-therapy#:~:text=Psychodynamic%20therapy%20focuses%20on%20the.

———. “What Is Exposure Therapy?” Https://Www.apa.org, 2017. https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/patients-and-families/exposure-therapy.

APA Dictionary of Psychology. “Therapeutic Alliance,” n.d. https://dictionary.apa.org/therapeutic-alliance#:~:text=a%20cooperative%20working%20relationship%20between.

Apa.org. “What You Need to Know before Choosing Online Therapy,” 2021. https://www.apa.org/topics/telehealth/online-therapy.

CAMH. “Interpersonal Psychotherapy IPT,” n.d. https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/interpersonal-psychotherapy#:~:text=IPT%20is%20most%20often%20used.

Cleveland Clinic. “Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT).” Cleveland Clinic, April 19, 2022. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22838-dialectical-behavior-therapy-dbt.

Dindo, Lilian, Julia R. Van Liew, and Joanna J. Arch. “Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A Transdiagnostic Behavioral Intervention for Mental Health and Medical Conditions.” Neurotherapeutics 14, no. 3 (March 7, 2017): 546–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0521-3.

Family Institute. “The Importance of the Relationship with the Therapist,” n.d. https://www.family-institute.org/behavioral-health-resources/importance-relationship-therapist#:~:text=However%2C%20it%20is%20the%20patient.

Hedman, Erik, Brjánn Ljótsson, and Nils Lindefors. “Cognitive Behavior Therapy via the Internet: A Systematic Review of Applications, Clinical Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness.” Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 12, no. 6 (2012): 745–64. https://doi.org/10.1586/erp.12.67.

Hofmann, Stefan G., and Angelina F. Gómez. “Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression.” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 40, no. 4 (September 18, 2017): 739–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.008.

Marks, Sarah. “Psychotherapy in Historical Perspective.” History of the Human Sciences 30, no. 2 (April 2017): 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695117703243.

Mayo Clinic. “Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.” Mayoclinic.org. Mayo Clinic, March 16, 2019. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/about/pac-20384610.

McGee, Vanesha. “Virtual Therapy vs. In-Person Therapy: What You Should Know.” Psychology.org | Psychology’s Comprehensive Online Resource, October 7, 2021. https://www.psychology.org/resources/virtual-therapy-vs-in-person/.

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). “Psychotherapies,” n.d. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/psychotherapies#:~:text=The%20goal%20of%20therapy%20is.

Sapru, Iman, Sarosh Khalid-Khan, Elaine Choi, Nazanin Alavi, Archana Patel, Chloe Sutton, Gbolahan Odejayi, and Olivia G. Calancie. “Effectiveness of Online versus Live Multi-Family Psychoeducation Group Therapy for Children and Adolescents with Mood or Anxiety Disorders: A Pilot Study.” International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 30, no. 4 (October 14, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2016-0069.

Steiger, Howard, Linda Booij, Olivia Crescenzi, Stephanie Oliverio, Ilana Singer, Lea Thaler, Annie St‐Hilaire, and Mimi Israel. “In‐Person versus Virtual Therapy in Outpatient Eating‐Disorder Treatment: A COVID ‐19 Inspired Study.” International Journal of Eating Disorders 55, no. 1 (December 14, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23655.

Biofeedback and Neurofeedback

Family Time Centers. “Neurofeedback Therapy: Empowering Individuals through Self-Regulation | Neurofeedback Therapy & Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Located in Valley Village, Los Angeles, ca | FamilyTime Centers.” www.familytimecenters.com. Accessed October 30, 2023. https://www.familytimecenters.com/blog-post/neurofeedback-therapy-empowering-individuals-through-self-regulation.

Marzbani, Hengameh, Hamid Reza Marateb, and Marjan Mansourian. “Neurofeedback: A Comprehensive Review on System Design, Methodology and Clinical Applications.” Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal 7, no. 2 (2016). https://doi.org/10.15412/j.bcn.03070208.

Mayo Clinic. “Biofeedback - Mayo Clinic.” Mayoclinic.org, 2019. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/biofeedback/about/pac-20384664.

Mount Sinai Health System. “Biofeedback Information | Mount Sinai - New York,” n.d. https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/treatment/biofeedback#:~:text=Biofeedback%20is%20an%20effective%20therapy.

Science Direct. “NeuroImage: Clinical | Clinical Applications of Imaging-Based

Neurofeedback | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier.” www.sciencedirect.com. Accessed October 30, 2023. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/neuroimage-clinical/special-issue/1068JN1J53X.

Neurostimulation

Ferriss, Tim. “Dr. Nolan Williams — Breakthrough Depression Treatments, Neurostimulation, and the Future of Psychiatry.” The Tim Ferriss Show, January 5, 2024. https://tim.blog/2024/01/05/nolan-williams/.

Neuromodec. “What Is Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)?” Accessed February 14, 2025. https://neuromodec.org/what-is-transcranial-direct-current-stimulation-tdcs/.

Neuromodec. “What Is Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES)?” Accessed February 14, 2025. https://neuromodec.org/what-is-cranial-electrotherapy-stimulation-ces/.

Neuromodec. “What Is Spinal Cord Stimulation?” Accessed February 14, 2025. https://neuromodec.org/what-is-spinal-cord-stimulation/.

Neuromodec. “What Is Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)?” Accessed February 14, 2025. https://neuromodec.org/what-is-transcutaneous-electrical-nerve-stimulation-tens/.

Neuromodec. “What Is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?” Accessed February 14, 2025. https://neuromodec.org/what-is-electroconvulsive-therapy-ect/.

Neuromodec. “What Is Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)?” Accessed February 14, 2025. https://neuromodec.org/what-is-vagus-nerve-stimulation-vns/.

Neuromodec. “What Is Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)?” Accessed February 14, 2025. https://neuromodec.org/what-is-deep-brain-stimulation-dbs/.

Neuromodec. “What Is Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)?” Accessed February 14, 2025. https://neuromodec.org/what-is-transcranial-alternating-current-stimulation-tacs/.

Neuromodec. “What Is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?” Accessed February 14, 2025. https://neuromodec.org/what-is-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-tms/.

Emerging treatments

Reuters. “ChatGPT Sets Record for Fastest-Growing User Base - Analyst Note.” Reuters, February 1, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/.

Ienca, Marcello. “On Artificial Intelligence and the Risk of Digital Dictatorships.” Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 6 (January 30, 2023): 9880183. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9880183/.

Mythbusting & Q&A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Understanding Children’s Mental Health as a Public Health Concern.” CDC, accessed February 14, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/childrensmentalhealth/features/understanding-public-health-concern.html.

Howard, Jacqueline. “About 15% of US Children Recently Received Mental Health Treatment, New CDC Data Shows.” CNN, June 12, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/12/health/children-mental-health-treatment/index.html.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Data and Statistics on Children’s Mental Health.” CDC, accessed February 14, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/childrensmentalhealth/data.html.

Lovelace Jr., Berkeley. “Youth Suicide Rates Rose 62% from 2007 to 2021.” CNBC, December 5, 2023. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/05/youth-suicide-rates-rose-62percent-from-2007-to-2021.html.

Siddique, Haroon. “Mental Health Crisis among UK 17-Year-Olds ‘Deepening.’” The Guardian, February 21, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/feb/21/uk-17-year-olds-mental-health-crisis.

Brain: An Owner's Guide Bibliography

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